Accumulation of Microcystin (LR, RR and YR) in Three Freshwater Bivalves in Microcystis aeruginosa Bloom Using Dual Isotope Tracer

Abstract

Stable isotope tracers were first applied to evaluate the Microcystis cell assimilation efficiency of Sinanodonta bivalves, since the past identification method has been limited to tracking the changes of each chl-a, clearity, and nutrient. The toxicity profile and accumulation of MC-LR, -RR and -YR in different organs (foot and digestive organs) from the three filter-feeders (Sinanodonta woodiana, Sinanodonta arcaeformis, and Unio douglasiae) were assessed under the condition of toxigenic cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) blooms through an in situ pond experiment using 13C and 15N dual isotope tracers. Chl-a concentration in the manipulated pond was dramatically decreased after the beginning of the second day, ranging from 217.5 to 15.6 μg·L−1. The highest amount of MCs was incorporated into muscle and gland tissues in U. douglasiae during the study period, at nearly 2 or 3 times higher than in S. woodiana and S. arcaeformis. In addition, the incorporated 13C and 15N atom % in the U. douglasiae bivalve showed lower values than in other bivalves. The results demonstrate that U. douglasiae has less capacity to assimilate toxic cyanobacteria derived from diet. However, the incorporated 13C and 15N atom % of S. arcaeformis showed a larger feeding capacity than U. douglasiae and S. woodiana. Our results therefore also indicate that S. arcaeformis can eliminate the toxin more rapidly than U. douglasiae, having a larger detoxification capacity.

Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Marine Mussels Exposed to Toxic Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Chrysosporum ovalisporum

“…The amount of toxin accumulated will depend on several factors associated to toxin intake and the mechanisms of detoxification specific for each species. For instance, in an in situ pond experiment during a M. aeruginosa bloom, three freshwater bivalves showed different MCs accumulation in muscle and digestive gland tissues according to grazing, assimilation and detoxification capacities of each mollusc [45]. Nevertheless, most of the studies dealing with cyanotoxins dynamics in bivalves have been done under controlled laboratory conditions with individual cyanobacteria species.…”

In vitro assessment of cyanotoxins bioaccessibility in raw and cooked mussels

“…in the mussel. This concentration was selected taking into account those reported in the literature for MCs (Kim et al, 2017;Turner et al, 2018) and CYN (Saker et al, 2004) in bivalves. Then, 3 of these samples were cooked by steaming for 2 min, as described in Guzmán-Guillén et al (2017), once the water began to boil (100ºC), and afterwards they were submitted to the in vitro digestion model to assess toxins bioaccessibility (see section 2.3).…”

“…The main route of exposure to these toxins is by consumption of contaminated water, although it can also occur through the intake of food (fish, shellfish or vegetables) or cyanobacterial food supplements contaminated with cyanotoxins (Buratti et al, 2017). In fact, several authors have reported accumulation of MCs (Vasconcelos, 1995;Vareli et al, 2012;Gibble et al, 2016;Baralla et al, 2017;Kim et al, 2017) and CYN (Anderson et al, 2003;Saker et al, 2004) in mussels, resulting in potential human risks after their consumption (Ibelings and Chorus, 2007;Gutiérrez-Praena et al, 2013;Testai et al, 2016).…”

Bio-Control of Microcystis Aeruginosa Bloom Using Various Aquatic Organisms by Dual Stable Isotope (13c and 15n) Tracers

“…Sinanodonta bivalves had a larger effect on the primary productivity of toxic cyanobacteria, demonstratinga more realistic achievement for biomanipulation. Also, Sinanodonta (S. arcaefomis and S. woodiana) should incorporate more toxic cyanobacteria cells than U. douglasiae, probably due to its larger detoxification capacity (Kim et al, 2017b). As a result, S. arcaefomis and S. woodiana could be useful organisms to reduce massive toxic cyanobacteria blooms in eutrophic agricultural reservoirs and lakes.…”

“…On the contrary, and Kim et al (2017a) argued that filterfeeding marcroinvertebrate (Caridina denticulate) as native species can easily reduce to blue-green algae than planktivore fishes, as a results, cyanobacteria accumulations might constitute up to 69% of biomass carbon in freshwater atyid shrimp (Peristemia australiensis) (Piloa et al, 2008). In addition, the use of bivalve species (Unionids) which is contribute to bio-control of eutrophication through bio-filter effectiveness by reducing algal biomass (Reeders et al, 1990;Soto et al, 1999;Kim et al, 2017b) are probably more suitable for shallow lake which mainly consist of soft substrate (mixture of mud and sand) instead of zebra mussel which is require hard substrate for settlement, with their high filtration rates on phytoplankton have been promoted as a tool in biomanipulation of lakes (Reeders et al, 1990). Also, aquatic plants are themselves part of the food web, and could be control massive algae bloom through competing for nutrients and other resources with phytoplankton and periphyton (Ozimek et al, 1990;van Donk et al, 1993 An et al, 2010).…”