Acepromazine pharmacokinetics: A forensic perspective

Schneiders, F; Noble, Glenys; Boston, Raymond C.; Dunstan, Anthony J.; Sillence, Martin N.; McKinney, Andrew R.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.03.017

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In agreement with previous reports (Ballard et al. ; Schneiders et al., ), HEP and HEPS were quantifiable for a longer period of time compared to the parent compound. The prolonged detection time in the current study relative to earlier reports is especially important in a regulatory environment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In the current study, utilization of a very sensitive analytical assay (LOQ of 0.01 ng/ml) allowed for detection and quantitation of acepromazine for up to 48 hr following intravenous administration and 72 hr following oral and SL administration. Previous reports, utilizing a less sensitive assay report detection of parent compound for 3-8 hr postadministration (Ballard et al 1982;Schneiders et al, 2012). In agreement with previous reports (Ballard et al 1982;Schneiders et al, 2012), HEP and HEPS were quantifiable for a longer period of time compared to the parent compound.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Previous reports, utilizing a less sensitive assay report detection of parent compound for 3-8 hr postadministration (Ballard et al 1982;Schneiders et al, 2012). In agreement with previous reports (Ballard et al 1982;Schneiders et al, 2012), HEP and HEPS were quantifiable for a longer period of time compared to the parent compound. The prolonged detection time in the current study relative to earlier reports is especially important in a regulatory environment.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Previous reports, utilizing a less sensitive assay report detection of parent compound for 3–8 hr postadministration (Ballard et al. ; Schneiders et al., ). In agreement with previous reports (Ballard et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…administration. The disposition of acepromazine following intravenous administration has been described (Ballard, Shults, Kownacki, Blake, & Tobin, ; Hashem & Keller, ; Schneiders et al., ). It is characterized by a short elimination half‐life, which is largely attributable to rapid metabolism to 2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl) promazine (HEP) and 2‐(1‐hydroxyethyl) promazine sulfoxide (HEPS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and metabolism of acepromazine following intravenous, oral, and sublingual administration to exercised Thoroughbred horses

Knych

Seminoff

McKemie

et al. 2018

Vet Pharm & Therapeutics

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Acepromazine is a tranquilizer used commonly in equine medicine. This study describes serum and urine concentrations and the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acepromazine following intravenous, oral, and sublingual (SL) administration. Fifteen exercised adult Thoroughbred horses received a single intravenous, oral, and SL dose of 0.09 mg/kg of acepromazine. Blood and urine samples were collected at time 0 and at various times for up to 72 hr and analyzed for acepromazine and its two major metabolites (2-(1-hydroxyethyl) promazine and 2-(1-hydroxyethyl) promazine sulfoxide) using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Acepromazine was also incubated in vitro with whole equine blood and serum concentrations of the parent drug and metabolites determined. Acepromazine was quantitated for 24 hr following intravenous administration and 72 hr following oral and SL administration. Results of in vitro incubations with whole blood suggest additional metabolism by RBCs. The mean ± SEM elimination half-life was 5.16 ± 0.450, 8.58 ± 2.23, and 6.70 ± 2.62 hr following intravenous, oral, and SL administration, respectively. No adverse effects were noted and horses appeared sedate as noted by a decrease in chin-to-ground distance within 5 (i.v.) or 15 (p.o. and SL) minutes postadministration. The duration of sedation lasted 2 hr. Changes in heart rate were minimal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%