2016
DOI: 10.1111/cod.12579
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Acetophenone azine: a new allergen responsible for severe contact dermatitis from shin pads

Abstract: SummaryBackground. Contact dermatitis resulting from the use of shin pads is usually caused by rubber components, dyes, benzoyl peroxide, or formaldehyde resins. Objectives. To investigate and identify a new allergen in shin pads that was responsible for severe contact dermatitis in a young football player. Methods. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of samples of shin pads was performed. The boy was patch tested with pieces of shin pads and with acetophenone azine, a chemical substance identified b… Show more

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Cited by 33 publications
(32 citation statements)
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“…Chemical analyses, performed in Malmö as detailed in , of the foam layers of both brands of shin pads, and of the grey foam soles of the sport shoes, confirmed the presence of AA in all three items. The highest concentration of AA, namely 88 µg/g, was found in the most recent brand of shin pads (grey foam), to which a positive patch test reaction was also obtained.…”
Section: Case Reportmentioning
confidence: 75%
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“…Chemical analyses, performed in Malmö as detailed in , of the foam layers of both brands of shin pads, and of the grey foam soles of the sport shoes, confirmed the presence of AA in all three items. The highest concentration of AA, namely 88 µg/g, was found in the most recent brand of shin pads (grey foam), to which a positive patch test reaction was also obtained.…”
Section: Case Reportmentioning
confidence: 75%
“…Shin pad dermatitis has mainly been reported in children, and common allergens include mercapto and thiuram derivatives, N ‐isopropyl‐ N ‐phenyl‐ p ‐phenylenediamine, thioureas, dithiocarbamates, (disperse) dyes, benzoyl peroxide, and urea formaldehyde and phenol formaldehyde resins . Contact irritant reactions, especially in atopic children, are a differential diagnosis .…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Patch tests with pieces of shin pads and with acetophenone azine, a chemical substance identified by HPLC in the foam of the shin pads at ~20 µg/g, was strong positive down to 0.001% acetophenone azine in acetone. Interestingly, the substance is not added during the production of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foam, but is apparently newly formed [ 148 ]. In two additional cases, also shin pads in one case, and sneakers in the other, were the cause of a partly spreading severe ACD [ 149 ]; in another Belgian case, again shin pads and later sports shoes had caused severe ACD in a 29-year-old hockey player, and again, acetophenone azine was identified as the contact allergen [ 150 ].…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…39 Acetophenone and eugenol are common ingredients found in cosmetics and household products, many of which are applied onto or come into close contact with the skin and have been implicated as allergens capable of inducing contact sensitization and type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. [40][41][42][43][44] Acetophenone is an aromatic ketone used as a fragrance ingredient in soap, detergents, and perfumes and food flavorings. 45 Beyond other sources, acetophenone has been suggested to be a metabolic product of phenylalanine transformation by S aureus, which frequently colonizes AD skin.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%