Achieving Scalability and Load Balance across Blockchain Shards for State Sharding

SLChain: A secure and low‐storage pressure sharding blockchain

“…On the contrary, Monoxide uses PoW to generate blocks in each zone, which can get the effect of generating blocks in parallel, so the throughput grows linearly as the number of nodes and zones increases, but it is also affected by cross‐partition transactions. Li et al 33 minimize cross‐shard transactions by assigning related accounts to the same partition through a community‐aware algorithm. Whereas SSChain divides the nodes into a root chain network and a shared network, which can increase the throughput as the shard grows, the increase in cross‐shard transactions leads to a system throughput limited by the root chain network.…”

“…In terms of security, the block generated by each node in Bitcoin needs to be verified by all nodes, which has strong security; in Monoxide, each zone is generated and verified independently, and to prevent the individual zone from being used by malicious nodes, the Chu‐ko‐nu mining is used to expand the mining capacity of honest nodes, but on the contrary, it may also be used by malicious nodes. Li et al 33 rely mainly on node verification of a single shard. The security measures of the SSChain are only guaranteed by the root chain network.…”

“…On the contrary, Monoxide uses PoW to generate blocks in each zone, which can get the effect of generating blocks in parallel, so the throughput grows linearly as the number of nodes and zones increases, but it is also affected by cross-partition transactions. Li et al 33 minimize cross-shard transactions by assigning related accounts to the same partition through a community-aware algorithm.…”

“…RepChain 32 uses the reputation of nodes to divide nodes, so that the reputation score of each shard is roughly the same and selects the node with the highest reputation as the leader in each shard to improve the throughput of the system. Li et al 33 solve the problems of high cross‐shard transactions and shard load imbalance in a sharding blockchain through a community‐aware algorithm and an elastic sharding protocol. Tennakoon et al 34 implement dynamic blockchain sharding through smart contracts.…”

Graphical Consensus-Based Sharding for Efficient and Secure Sharings in Blockchain-Enabled Internet of Vehicles

“…It also maintains disjoint ledgers (i.e., transactions) by a group of RSUs within one shard, called the "committee" [5], [6], [7]. This approach is called "state sharding" [8]. Users (i.e., vehicles) request service transactions to interact with the sharding BIoVs.…”