Actinomycetes bioactive compounds: Biological control of fungi and phytopathogenic insect

Abstract

Actinomycetes are aerobic and gram-positive spore forming bacteria. They belong to the order actinomycetales and are characterized by substrates and aerial mycelium growth. They are the most abundant microorganisms in soil. They play important roles in the cycling of organic matter and inhibit the growth of several plant pathogens in the rhizosphere. Due to the presence of enzymes such as proteases and chitinase, actinomycetes have been studied as a natural controller of insects and phytopathogenic fungi that cause considerable losses in agriculture. Additionally, the facilities for the industrial manipulation of cultures, and the diversity of metabolites produced make actinomycetes preferred for the control of pests. Furthermore, actinomycetes constitute a "green" alternative for controlling insects and fungi, since they do not contaminate the environment, and are natural members of the soil. They also contribute to the sustainability of soil by formation and stabilization of compost piles, due to their degrading capabilities, and ability to form stable humus. Moreover, they can be associated with other soil microorganisms to degrade recalcitrant residues like celluloses to maintain biotic soil equilibrium.

Potential applications of extracellular enzymes from Streptomyces spp. in various industries

“…This act reduces chemical consumption in delignification. Goluguri et al (2012) decreased 16% consumption of chlorine when the raw material was pre-treated with xylanase. Bio-pulping is a cost-effective and nature compatible process which also improves the quality of fibers (Thakur et al 2012).…”

Seed germination of seeds preserved for about 20 years and that of seeds preserved for several years

“…There are several reports about genetic diversity, germplasm or seed of plant (Admas and Tesfaye, 2017;Ali et al, 2018;Arantes et al, 2018;Chalachew et al, 2017;Chandra et al, 2017;Daniel et al, 2017;Dilooshi et al, 2016;Santos et al, 2017;Ejigu et al, 2018;Emmanuel et al, 2018;Isaac et al, 2016;Lopez-Puc and Rodriguez-Buenfil, 2017;Revolti et al, 2018;Miccah et al, 2016;Mohammad et al, 2016;Mounawer et al, 2016;Mulima et al, 2018;Ochieng et al, 2015;Pacôme et al, 2016;Raimundo et al, 2015;Rodrigues et al, 2016;Tadesse et al, 2018;Titilayo et al, 2018;Zerihun et al, 2018), fungi (Edelvio, 2018;Ling et al, 2016;Shubha and Srinivas, 2017), bacteria (Chaohe et al, 2015;Paul et al, 2016), and virus (Chikoti et al, 2015).…”