Active Shiga-Like Toxin Produced by Some Aeromonas spp., Isolated in Mexico City

Palma-Martínez, Ingrid; Guerrero-Mandujano, Andrea; Ruiz-Ruiz, Manuel J.; Hernández-Cortez, Cecilia; Molina-López, José; Bocanegra-García, Virgilio; Castro-Escarpulli, Graciela

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01522

Cited by 22 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Shiga toxins (Stx) and Shiga-like toxins (Slt) are a group of bacterial toxins involved in human and other animal diseases; they are the cause of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome [145,146]. Stx or Slt toxins are produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae type 1, C. freundii, Aeromonas spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stx or Slt toxins are produced by enterohemorrhagic E. coli, Shigella dysenteriae type 1, C. freundii, Aeromonas spp. and Acinetobacter haemolyticus [38,39,81,145]. Diarrhea-associated C. freundii isolates are reported to contain several toxins, including Shiga-like toxins, heat-stable toxins and a homolog of the cholera toxin B subunit [59].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles (Clemmys guttata)

et al. 2020

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Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669 were isolated from endangered spotted turtles (Clemmys guttata). Whole-genome sequencing, annotation and phylogenetic analyses of the genomes revealed that the closest relative of RIT668 is A. hydrophila ATCC 7966 and Citrobacter portucalensis A60 for RIT669. Resistome analysis showed that A. hydrophila and C. freundii harbor six and 19 different antibiotic resistance genes, respectively. Both bacteria colonize polyethylene and polypropylene, which are common plastics, found in the environment and are used to fabricate medical devices. The expression of six biofilm-related genes—biofilm peroxide resistance protein (bsmA), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit R (bssR), biofilm formation regulatory protein subunit S (bssS), biofilm formation regulator (hmsP), toxin-antitoxin biofilm protein (tabA) and transcriptional activator of curli operon (csgD)—and two virulence factors—Vi antigen-related gene (viaB) and Shiga-like toxin (slt-II)—was investigated by RT-PCR. A. hydrophila displayed a >2-fold increase in slt-II expression in cells adhering to both polymers, C. freundii adhering on polyethylene displayed a >2-fold, and on polypropylene a >6-fold upregulation of slt-II. Thus, the two new isolates are potential pathogens owing to their drug resistance, surface colonization and upregulation of a slt-II-type diarrheal toxin on polymer surfaces.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles (Clemmys guttata)

et al. 2020

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“…The interaction between pathogenic bacteria like Aeromonas and host cells is produced as indicated by their extracellular components and toxins that are secreted into the extracellular space, such as proteases, lipases, enterotoxins, hemolysins, and Shiga toxins, among others [4,18,19,168,198,[231][232][233][234].…”

Section: Extracellular Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When the lytic cycle is induced, large numbers of them capable of infecting other bacteria are released, acting as horizontal transmission vectors of the stx genes [240]. Recently, Shiga toxins have only been detected in strains of Aeromonas recovered from food [234].…”

Section: Extracellular Proteinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity

2020

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The genus Aeromonas belongs to the Aeromonadaceae family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like gyrB and rpoD or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus Aeromonas of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: Aeromonas caviae (37.26%), Aeromonas dhakensis (23.49%), Aeromonas veronii (21.54%), and Aeromonas hydrophila (13.07%). Since aeromonads were first associated with human disease, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated. The literature shows that the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas is considered multifactorial and the presence of several virulence factors allows these bacteria to adhere, invade, and destroy the host cells, overcoming the immune host response. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus Aeromonas, we should assume that the infections these bacteria produce will remain a great health problem in the future. The ubiquitous distribution of these bacteria and the increasing elderly population, to whom these bacteria are an opportunistic pathogen, will facilitate this problem. In addition, using data from outbreak studies, it has been recognized that in cases of diarrhea, the infective dose of Aeromonas is relatively low. These poorly known bacteria should therefore be considered similarly as enteropathogens like Salmonella and Campylobacter.

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“…El género Aeromonas posee una variedad de factores de virulencia como componentes estructurales y toxinas, además el género Aeromonas tiene la capacidad de capturar e integrar factores de virulencia en su genoma (Palma-Martínez et al, 2016) mismos que están involucrados en la colonización, invasión y proliferación de la bacteria conduciendo al desarrollo de la infección (Figueras & Beaz-Hidalgo, 2015;Batra et al, 2016). Las manifestaciones clínicas en infecciones por Aeromonas sugieren que múltiples factores de virulencia actúan en conjunto, por lo que la virulencia podría ser específica de cada cepa que interviene evadiendo el sistema inmunitario mediante sus propias estrategias (Yu et al, 2005;Tomás, 2012).…”

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Genes de virulencia en Aeromonas spp. (Aeromonadales: Aeromonadaceae) aisladas de Oreochromis spp. (Perciformes: Cichlidae) para consumo humano en México

Ortega-Balleza

Sánchez-Varela

Rodríguez-Luna

et al. 2018

RBT

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The genus Aeromonas are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems are Gram-negative rods, oxidase-positive, and glucose-fermenting, considered emerging pathogens in humans. Aeromonas belongs to the fish microbiota, these microorganisms have a diversity of virulence factors responsible for a variety of infections in humans mainly gastrointestinal diseases. The presence of Aeromonas in products intended for consumption with high commercial demand such as tilapia generates sanitary concern due to the pathogenic potential of this bacteria. In this context, identification of virulence genes in strains of Aeromonas isolated in Oreochromis spp. intended for human consumption in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, Mexico is important due to the lack of molecular studies in this geographical area. In the present study the pathogenic potential of 15 strains of Aeromonas (A. veronii, A. hydrophila and A. schubertii) from Oreochromis spp. for human consumption were analyzed. Through PCR six virulence genes were analyzed (alt, ast, aerA, hlyA, gcat and stx1) and the strains used as control were: Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. hydrophila ATCC 7966, Aeromonas caviae 429865 INP, Escherichia coli O157: H7 and Escherichia coli K12. El 100 % (n = 15) of the strains harbored at least one virulence gene, aerA gene was detected in 86.66% of the analyzed strains, while ast and stx1 genes were not identified. Moreover, Aeromonas strains had associated genes in the same strain: aerA / gcat, alt / aerA, alt / aerA / gcat / hlyA and alt / aerA / gcat, of which aerA / gcat were observed mostly in A. veronii, while A. hydrophila had the highest associations. These findings indicate that the strains of Aeromonas isolated in Oreochromis spp. have the potential to cause human diseases, and therefore, this species used as food, could be a vehicle for infections caused by Aeromonas. It also allows to provide information on this emerging microorganism to effectively treat and control any epidemiological event caused by Aeromonas spp. in the future.

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Active Shiga-Like Toxin Produced by Some Aeromonas spp., Isolated in Mexico City

Cited by 22 publications

References 19 publications

Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles (Clemmys guttata)

Expression of a Shiga-Like Toxin during Plastic Colonization by Two Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila RIT668 and Citrobacter freundii RIT669, Isolated from Endangered Turtles (Clemmys guttata)

An Update on the Genus Aeromonas: Taxonomy, Epidemiology, and Pathogenicity

Genes de virulencia en Aeromonas spp. (Aeromonadales: Aeromonadaceae) aisladas de Oreochromis spp. (Perciformes: Cichlidae) para consumo humano en México

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