Activity Development of Selected Detoxication Enzymes during the Ontogenesis of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Wiegand, Claudia; Pflugmacher, Stephan; Oberemm, Axel; Steinberg, Christian E. W.

doi:10.1002/1522-2632(200008)85:4<413::aid-iroh413>3.0.co;2-3

Cited by 88 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Related to GSHpx activity our results agree with Wiegand et al's (2000) studies in zebrafish that showed that from early beginning of ontogenesis (2-4 cells) embryos possess detoxication enzymes like GST and GSHpx. These enzymes seem to be constitutive in the embryos.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Zengi̇n¹,

Yılmaz²,

Demir³

et al. 2015

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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In this study antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSHpx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were investigated in unfertilized and fertilized eggs, 12, 22 and 32 day embryos of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792). Vitamin E, lipid peroxidation products and fatty acids levels were also determined. A significant decrease in vitamin E level was found in fertilized eggs of O. mykiss. In contrast, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was very high in fertilised eggs and 12 day embryo. The PUFA contents in fertilized eggs and 12 day embryo were found to be lower than in the other embryonic stages. Measurable amounts of all the SOD, CAT, GSHpx, GR and GST enzymes activities were present in O. mykiss eggs and embryos. The most intense decrease was detected in the activities of SOD, GR and GST in fertilized eggs, whereas the most intense increase in the CAT activity was detected in the same stage of O. mykiss. GSHpx activity showed a significant increase in fertilized eggs and in 32 day embryos before hatching. GST activity showed the most significant increase in 22 day embryos of eyed eggs stage.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Zengi̇n¹,

Yılmaz²,

Demir³

et al. 2015

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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“…In the last of the described pharmacokinetic studies, meloxicam was administered to Cape Griffon vultures in a two-way cross-over study at a dose of 2 mg kg 21 by either oral or intramuscular route, without any signs of toxicity or changes in the monitored clinical pathology parameters [62]. Meloxicam was characterized by a short half-life of elimination of 0.33 + 0.167 h and 0.42 + 0.11 h for the oral and intramuscular routes, respectively.…”

Section: In Vivo Approaches In Studying Comparative Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar situation is thought to apply to aquatic invertebrates [24][25][26]. Nonetheless, as molecular and biochemical methods have advanced, there is growing evidence of both Phase I and II enzyme activity in fish [21,27,28] and recent studies have addressed how dietary and trophic variables may affect enzyme activity in fish [29]. There are also a growing number of studies on the metabolism of pharmaceuticals in fish [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40] and to a far lesser extent invertebrates [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…raptors) eat very little, if any, plant material and therefore do not incur major pressure to drive the evolution of enzymes to metabolize plant toxins [17][18][19][20]. Interestingly, zebrafish (a widely used model in pharmaceutical research) show a dramatic increase in Phase I and II enzyme activity at the juvenile life stage in association with being fed plant-based diets [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative metabolism as a key driver of wildlife species sensitivity to human and veterinary pharmaceuticals

Hutchinson

Madden

Naidoo

et al. 2014

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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Human and veterinary drug development addresses absorption, distribution, metabolism, elimination and toxicology (ADMET) of the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) in the target species. Metabolism is an important factor in controlling circulating plasma and target tissue API concentrations and in generating metabolites which are more easily eliminated in bile, faeces and urine. The essential purpose of xenobiotic metabolism is to convert lipid-soluble, non-polar and non-excretable chemicals into water soluble, polar molecules that are readily excreted. Xenobiotic metabolism is classified into Phase I enzymatic reactions (which add or expose reactive functional groups on xenobiotic molecules), Phase II reactions (resulting in xenobiotic conjugation with large water-soluble, polar molecules) and Phase III cellular efflux transport processes. The human–fish plasma model provides a useful approach to understanding the pharmacokinetics of APIs (e.g. diclofenac, ibuprofen and propranolol) in freshwater fish, where gill and liver metabolism of APIs have been shown to be of importance. By contrast, wildlife species with low metabolic competency may exhibit zero-order metabolic (pharmacokinetic) profiles and thus high API toxicity, as in the case of diclofenac and the dramatic decline of vulture populations across the Indian subcontinent. A similar threat looms for African Cape Griffon vultures exposed to ketoprofen and meloxicam, recent studies indicating toxicity relates to zero-order metabolism (suggesting P450 Phase I enzyme system or Phase II glucuronidation deficiencies). While all aspects of ADMET are important in toxicity evaluations, these observations demonstrate the importance of methods for predicting API comparative metabolism as a central part of environmental risk assessment.

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“…Enzyme extracts were prepared according to Wiegand et al (Wiegand et al, 2000); samples were homogenized in ice-cooled buffer (0.1moll -1 sodium phosphate buffer pH6.5 containing 20% glycerol, 1mmoll -1 EDTA and 1.4mmoll -1 dithioerythriol) followed by centrifugation to clear cell debris. The supernatant was centrifuged again (105,000g) to separate the soluble and microsomal fractions.…”

Section: Sample Preparationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenerational effects of microcystin-LR onDaphnia magna

Ortiz-Rodríguez

Dao

Wiegand

2012

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYAnthropogenic and climate factors increase the frequency of problematic cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater. Among other toxins, some cyanobacteria produce microcystins (MCs), which inhibit phosphatases type 1 and type 2A and provokes oxidative stress. Toxic cyanobacteria affect the growth, survival and reproduction of zooplankton, particularly those from the genus Daphnia, which have a central position in pelagic food webs. However, one possibility to ameliorate effects is to biotransform MC via glutathione S transferase (GST) to a less toxic glutathione conjugate. This process was hypothesised to underlie the ability of Daphnia to withstand MC and to explain the enhanced tolerance of the offspring from mothers exposed to toxic cyanobacteria. Thus we conducted multigenerational experiments with D. magna, exposing the parental generation to MC for 1 or 7days and determining the enzyme-mediated tolerance to MC in their offspring by assessing the acute effect of MC on biotransformation and antioxidant and metabolism enzymes, and through 21day chronic tests on toxicity and growth. Seven days of exposure of the parental generation to MC induced higher activity of GST and malate dehydrogenase in the offspring and enabled them to increment the catalase activity when challenged with MC, whereas 1day of exposure of the parental generation did not. Offspring from non-exposed and 1-day-exposed mothers suffered decreased survival when exposed to MC compared with offspring from 7-day-exposed mothers; survival was correlated with the elevated activity of GST, malate dehydrogenase and catalase, suggesting maternal transfer of activation factors. However, increased survival occurred at the expense of individual growth. These results suggest that transgenerational effects are provoked by MC in D. magna, which may explain the observed acquirement of enhanced tolerance over generations.Key words: microcystin, cyanobacterial toxin, transgenerational effect, Daphnia, zooplankton. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY 2796 cyanobacteria on Daphnia are reflected by, for example, reduced growth, survival and reproduction (Lampert, 1981; Demott et al., 1991;Hietala et al., 1995;Nogueira et al., 2004;Trubetskova and Haney, 2006; Dao et al., 2010). However, one possible way to reduce toxic effects is to biotransform the toxin MC-LR by conjugation to the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) via the enzyme glutathione S transferase (GST) (Pflugmacher et al., 1998). MCs are conjugated to GSH through the terminal methylene of N-methyldehydroalanine (Kondo, 1992), which is the moiety that binds to the active center of protein phosphatases (MacKintosh, 1995). The resulting conjugate is less toxic (Metcalf et al., 2000) and more hydrophilic, for easier transportation or excretion (Pflugmacher et al., 2001). This MC-LR detoxification process has been described in several aquatic organisms ranging from plants to invertebrates (including Daphnia magna) to fish (Pflugmacher et al., 1998;Wiegand and Pflugmacher, 2005). Three major families of prote...

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Activity Development of Selected Detoxication Enzymes during the Ontogenesis of the Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Cited by 88 publications

References 32 publications

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Comparative metabolism as a key driver of wildlife species sensitivity to human and veterinary pharmaceuticals

Transgenerational effects of microcystin-LR onDaphnia magna

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