Acute Infectious Gastroenteritis: The Causative Agents, Omics-Based Detection of Antigens and Novel Biomarkers

Abstract

Acute infectious gastroenteritis (AGE) is among the leading causes of mortality in children less than 5 years of age worldwide. There are many causative agents that lead to this infection, with rotavirus being the commonest pathogen in the past decade. However, this trend is now being progressively replaced by another agent, which is the norovirus. Apart from the viruses, bacteria such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli and parasites such as Entamoeba histolytica also contribute to AGE. These agents can be recognised by their respective biological markers, which are mainly the specific antigens or genes to determine the causative pathogen. In conjunction to that, omics technologies are currently providing crucial insights into the diagnosis of acute infectious gastroenteritis at the molecular level. Recent advancement in omics technologies could be an important tool to further elucidate the potential causative agents for AGE. This review will explore the current available biomarkers and antigens available for the diagnosis and management of the different causative agents of AGE. Despite the high-priced multi-omics approaches, the idea for utilization of these technologies is to allow more robust discovery of novel antigens and biomarkers related to management AGE, which eventually can be developed using easier and cheaper detection methods for future clinical setting. Thus, prediction of prognosis, virulence and drug susceptibility for active infections can be obtained. Case management, risk prediction for hospital-acquired infections, outbreak detection, and antimicrobial accountability are aimed for further improvement by integrating these capabilities into a new clinical workflow.

A Laboratory Perspective on an Epidemiological Pattern of Infectious Gastroenteritis: A Five-year Surveillance between 2016 to 2020 from Established Private Healthcare Centers within Klang Valley in Malaysia

“…Thus, there is likelihood for EPEC to spread and contaminate the food supply and food processing chain. 30,31 Furthermore, the prevalence of EPEC has been associated with developing nations, as reviewed by Alharbi and colleagues. 30 Among the reported possible reasons for high EPEC infection in developing nations such as Malaysia are the consumption of insufficient pasteurized milk, direct contact with animal manure and poor handwashing practice in day care or school for children, exposure to the contaminated swimming pools or fecally contaminated rivers or lake.…”

Investigation of intestinal parasites by conventional and molecular methods in children with gastrointestinal system complaints

“…Acute infectious gastroenteritis (AGE) is one of the leading causes of death in children worldwide, especially those under the age of ve. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites are infectious agents in children that cause AGE (Hasan et al 2021). In our study, adenovirus and rotavirus infections were detected at lower rates (4% and 3%, respectively) than expected, and Salmonella spp.…”

Immunological and virological triggers of type 1 diabetes: insights and implications

“…Rotaviral infections constitute one of the major reasons for mortality in developing countries and are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children across the world. Rotaviral infection is therefore often mainly located in intestinal cells, giving rise to enteritis and other symptoms such as convulsions ( 87 ). However, studies have found wide-spread systemic localization of rotavirus infections in tissues and organs such as the liver, pancreas, and nervous system ( 88 , 89 ).…”