Ischaemic heart disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The development of cardioprotective therapeutic agents remains a partly unmet need and a challenge for both medicine and industry, with significant financial and social implications. Protection of the myocardium can be achieved by mechanical vascular occlusions such as preconditioning (PC), when brief episodes of ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) are experienced prior to ischaemia; postconditioning (PostC), when the brief episodes are experienced at the immediate onset of reperfusion; and remote conditioning (RC), when the brief episodes are experienced in another vascular territory. The elucidation of the signalling pathways, which underlie the protective effects of PC, PostC and RC, would be expected to reveal novel molecular targets for cardioprotection that could be modulated by pharmacological agents to prevent reperfusion injury. Gasotransmitters including NO, hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) are a growing family of regulatory molecules that affect physiological and pathological functions. NO, H2S and CO share several common properties; they are beneficial at low concentrations but hazardous in higher amounts; they relax smooth muscle cells, inhibit apoptosis and exert anti-inflammatory effects. In the cardiovascular system, NO, H2S and CO induce vasorelaxation and promote cardioprotection. In this review article, we summarize current knowledge on the role of the gasotransmitters NO, H2S and CO in myocardial I/R injury and cardioprotection provided by conditioning strategies and highlight future perspectives in cardioprotection by NO, H2S, CO, as well as their donor molecules.
LINKED ARTICLESThis article is part of a themed section on Pharmacology of the Gasotransmitters. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx. Abbreviations 3MP, 3-mercaptopyruvate; 3-MST, 3-mercaptopyruvate transferase; BCA, cyano-L-alanine; CBS, cystathionine β-synthase; CHD, coronary heart disease; CK, creatinine kinase; CORM, carbon monoxide-releasing molecule; CSE, cystathionine γ-lyase; CyPD, cyclophilin D; HPDTT, 5-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; FeTPPS, 5,10,15, porphyrinato iron; GYY4137, morpholin-4-ium 4-methoxyphenyl-morpholino-phosphinodithioate; HNO, nitroxyl; HO, haem oxygenase; I/R, ischaemia/reperfusion; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; L-NAME, N-nitro-L-arginine methylester; L-NNA, Nω-nitro-l-arginine; LV, left ventricular; MitoSNO, mitochondria-targeted S-nitrosothiols; mPTP, mitochondria permeability transition pore; nNOS, neuronal nitric oxide synthase; Nrf2, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2; NSAIDs, non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs; ONOO − , peroxynitrite; PRG, DL-propargylglycine; PC, preconditioning; PostC, postconditioning; RC, remote conditioning; RISK, reperfusion injury salvage kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SAC, S-allylcysteine; SAFE, survivor activating factor enhancement; SOD, superoxide dismutase; XOR, xanthin...
