Acute Kidney Graft Rejection Morphology and immunology

Nephrotoxic Nephritis and Obstructive Nephropathy: Evaluation with MR Imaging Enhanced with Ultrasmall Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide—Preliminary Findings in a Rat Model

“…USPIO-enhanced MR imaging could help differentiate between an early active and reversible stage versus a delayed irreversible fibrotic stage. In renal transplantation, it could help distinguish acute rejection versus other causes of renal dysfunction, because acute rejection produces dramatic accumulation of macrophages as part of the immunologic response (2)(3)(4). The effect of this type of study on indications for renal biopsy has to be evaluated.…”

“…Macrophages are usually virtually absent in normal kidneys; however, migration of blood monocytes into renal tissues occurs frequently in specific nephropathies such as acute proliferative types of human and experimental glomerulonephritides (1), renal graft rejection (2)(3)(4)(5), and nonspecific kidney diseases such as hydronephrosis (6). Depending on the type of nephropathy, endocytic activity can be acquired by renal cells, such as mesangial cells (7,8).…”

Elevated expression of IL2 is associated with increased infiltration of CD8+ T cells in biliary atresia

“…Our results are at variance with some previous studies [7,9,13] that have reported that most lymphocytes in the liver of BA patients are CD4 + T cells. These studies used frozen specimens that offer optimal preservation of the antigenic determinants that characterize cell phenotypes (activation markers and receptors) [16]. However, our results were based not only on immunohistochemistry but also on qrt-PCR.…”

Increased CD64 expression on polymorphonuclear neutrophils indicates infectious complications following solid organ transplantation

“…The gold standard in diagnostic evaluation of suspected rejection of a solid organ transplant is organ biopsy (2,3) and use of the Banff schema (4)(5)(6). Due to its invasiveness, this method can cause complications (3,7).…”

“…Postoperatively, it is important to avoid organ loss caused by several serious complications especially infections (1) or rejections (2) which can even lead to patient death. Therefore, an early and precise detection of and, furthermore, the discrimination between complications is very important.…”