Acute moderate exercise enhances compensatory brain activation in older adults

Hyodo, Kazuki; Dan, Ippeita; Suwabe, Kazuya; Kyutoku, Yasushi; Yamada, Yuhki; Akahori, Mitsuya; Byun, Kyeongho; Kato, Morimasa; Soya, Hideaki

doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.022

Cited by 182 publications

(214 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…Prefrontal increases in oxy-Hb have been observed during cognitive tasks executed after acute exercise (Byun et al, 2014;Endo et al, 2013;Hyodo et al, 2012;Yanagisawa et al, 2010). However, we found no changes in hemodynamics or oxygenation during the visual search task after stretching.…”

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confidence: 58%

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2015

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Abstract:Static stretching appears to not only enhance flexibility, but also to improve mood state. However, little is known about how acute static stretching influences cognitive function. To elucidate this, we tested the hypothesis that alterations in mood state following static stretching would improve visual search performance. Sixteen participants were divided into stretching and control groups. In the stretching group, the participants answered questionnaires about mood state and performed a visual search task before and after 30 min of static stretching. In the control group, the participants rested instead of stretching. The questionnaires included items related to pleasantness, relaxation, anxiety, negative affect, positive engagement, and tranquility. We evaluated changes in cerebral hemodynamics and oxygenation during the visual search task via near-infrared spectroscopy. In the stretching group, reaction time in the visual search task decreased (P < 0.05), while response accuracy was not affected. This improvement in response speed was accompanied by increase in positive engagement (P < 0.01) and a decrease in anxiety (P < 0.05). Stretching did not modulate cerebral hemodynamics or oxygenation during the visual search task. Visual search performance was not altered in the control group. These results suggest that improved response speed is associated with an increase in positive engagement and a decrease in anxiety after static stretching.

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confidence: 58%

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2015

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“…Using fNIRS measurements in an event-related manner, Schroeter and his colleagues 37,38) demonstrated that the hemodynamic response in the bilateral LPFC was stronger during the incongruent condition compared to the congruent and the neutral conditions of the CWST. Expanding upon their results, we have revealed the neural substrate for acute-moderateexercise-induced improvement in executive function: elevated cortical activation in the left dorsolateral PFC in young adults and the right frontopolar area in older adults was related to improved Stroop performance 13,14) . Based on findings of former studies, we hypothesized that acute mild exercise may improve Stroop performance, evidenced by exercise-induced task-related cortical activation.…”

Section: Executive Function Measured Using the Fnirs Neuroimaging Methodsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…In fact, several animal studies using an in vivo microdialysis technique have reported that acute exercise leads to increased release of NA in the LC 47,48) , and that the exercise-induced NA activates several regions of the brain, including the DLFPC, ACC and hippocampus, which are involved in cognitive processes 43,45,49) . Indeed, we have already found that an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise, which can activate the noradrenergic system, facilitates executive information processing speed by intensifying task-related prefrontal activation in both young and old adults 13,14) . Unfortunately, this exerciseactivated noradrenergic system may not account for the effect of mild exercise, as some researchers have shown that mild exercise is not sufficient to activate the RAS 50) .…”

Section: Possible Neurophysiological Mechanisms Responsible For Mild-mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To address these questions, we adopted an event-related functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) neuroimaging method to assess mild-exercise-induced improvements in executive function 12) , given that our recent studies have suggested that increased prefrontal activation can be responsible for enhanced executive performance 13,14) . Moreover, we postulated that exercise-induced changes of mood, such as arousal and pleasure levels that could be measured using psychological mood scales 15) , might be associated with exercise-induced change in executive function.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Possible neurophysiological mechanisms for mild-exercise-enhanced executive function: An fNIRS neuroimaging study

Byun

Hyodo

Suwabe³

et al. 2016

JPFSM

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Although physical activity or exercise has a beneficial effect on brain structure and function, physical activity levels are decreasing due to sedentary lifestyles in contemporary society. For this reason, there has been increasing attention paid to the practical application of mild intensity exercise, which might be more attractive to and applicable for both young and older adults with a sedentary lifestyle. Indeed, long-term mild exercise training in older adults has been shown to prevent atrophy of the prefrontal cortex as well as moderate-intensity exercise intervention. However, it is still unknown whether acute mild exercise has beneficial effects on brain function, particularly executive function, mediated by the prefrontal cortex, and underlying neural substrates. To address this question, we combined an executive-function task that has been confirmed in many neuroimaging studies to target specific neural substrates and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques that allow the monitoring of task-related cortical activation shortly after exercising. We recently demonstrated that even acute mild exercise can improve executive task performance, which was positively correlated with increased arousal level and also evoked task-related cortical activation on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left frontopolar area. Although the exact neuronal substrate is still intriguing, animal microdialysis studies have demonstrated that mild exercise increased several neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and dopamine, which could play an important role in the mild-exercise-elicited higher cognitive function.

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“…Indeed, evidence is accumulating that exercise has profound benefits for brain function. In humans, regular or acute exercise has been associated with enhanced performance on tasks of executive function/ working memory 1,2) . Furthermore, Kramer et al reported that exercise increases the size of the hippocampus, a brain area important for learning and memory 3) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mild exercise model for enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis: A possible candidate for promotion of neurogenesis

Okamoto

Soya

2012

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The hippocampus is important for learning and memory. It is also one of the few regions in the adult mammalian brain that can generate new neurons (adult hippocampus neurogenesis, AHN). It is suggested that altered hippocampal neurogenesis, by stress or aging, is related to pathophysiology of mood disorders, such as depression. On the other hand, AHN is robustly stimulated by voluntary and treadmill running, and accumulating knowledge indicates that the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition and mental health may be mediated, at least in part, by exercised-induced AHN. Thus, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced AHN. However, the mechanisms and exercise conditions (intensity and frequency etc.) that activate AHN are still undetermined. Since high-intensity exercise elicits a stress response, mild exercise without a stress response may be a useful model for increasing AHN. To address this hypothesis, we used treadmill running, which can be controlled for speed, and developed a mild-intensity treadmill exercise model below the lactate threshold (LT, about 20 m/min) and minimal stress response; the LT is a physiologic index of moderate exercise intensity established in rats, as in humans. Recently, we have demonstrated that mildintensity exercise enhances hippocampal neuronal activity, neurotrophic factors and neurogenesis. Therefore, a mild exercise model is shown that enhances cognitive functions, and further information, through mechanistic studies with the model, will be of benefit for developing effective exercise programs enhancing cognitive functions in humans, especially in vulnerable people with poor physical fitness.

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Acute moderate exercise enhances compensatory brain activation in older adults

Cited by 182 publications

References 66 publications

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Possible neurophysiological mechanisms for mild-exercise-enhanced executive function: An fNIRS neuroimaging study

Mild exercise model for enhancement of hippocampal neurogenesis: A possible candidate for promotion of neurogenesis

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