Acute-phase inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) levels in serum and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus species and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species

Abstract

The aim of the study was to investigate the concentrations of acute-phase inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4 (ITIH4) in serum and milk of cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. (STR) and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) and healthy cows. The blood and milk samples were obtained from 60 mid-lactation, multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows from 7 herds in the Lublin region of Poland. In the milk samples from 40 cows with subclinical mastitis, Streptococcus spp. and CNS were isolated. The ITIH4 was significantly higher in serum of cows with subclinical mastitis caused both by STR and CNS compared with healthy cows. One hundred percent of animals infected with Streptococcus spp. and 89% of animals infected with Staphylococcus spp. showed ITIH4 concentration in sera higher than 0.5 mg/mL. The concentration of ITIH4 in milk also was significantly higher in cows with subclinical mastitis caused by Streptococcus spp. and Staphylococcus spp. compared with the control group. Seventy percent of cows infected by STR and CNS showed ITIH4 concentration in milk higher than 2.5 μg/mL. Milk ITIH4 concentration higher than 5 μg/mL was found in 55% of animals infected with Streptococcus spp. and in 40% of animals infected with Staphylococcus spp. No statistically significant differences were observed in ITIH4 concentrations both in serum and in milk between the studied unhealthy animal groups. These results suggest that ITIH4 may be used in the future as a novel diagnostic marker in serum and in milk of subclinical mastitis in cows.

Acute Anti-Inflammatory Markers ITIH4 and AHSG in Mice Brain of a Novel Alzheimer’s Disease Model

“…Our previous studies showed that HP dramatically accelerated the progression of AD pathology accompanied with inflammation [25]. In addition, ITIH4 is regulated by IL-6, which regulates inflammation [26][27][28]. In the present study, HP significantly increased the expression of ITIH4 in the CTX, HI, and TH of APP23 mice (Figs.…”

Inter-Alpha-Trypsin Inhibitor Heavy Chain 4 Plays an Important Role in the Development and Reproduction of Nilaparvata lugens

“…ITIH4 may function as an APP for the protection of the uterus from the inflammatory response in pig endometrium [ 17 ]. Furthermore, ITIH4 has also been extensively studied as a biomarker in cancers and other disorders and in other biological contexts [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Despite the significance of ITIH4 in mammals, research regarding the function of this protein in insects has not been reported.…”

Staphylococcus aureus-induced proteomic changes in the mammary tissue of rats: A TMT-based study

“…In this study, compared with the blank group, the challenge group exhibited significantly upregulated expression of Orm1, Hp and ITIH4 in the mammary gland. In previous studies, ITIH4 was detected in mammary tissue [32,33], serum [34] and milk [35] of dairy cows with mastitis, and the concentration of this protein in these cows was significantly higher than that in healthy dairy cows. ITIH4 is a glycoprotein produced mainly by the liver and secreted into plasma, belonging to the inter alpha trypsin inhibitor (ITI) family [36].…”