“…There is indeed some evidence that freight transport and fleet composition are affected by the implementation of LEZs, but the change, relative to e.g. the national average, appears to be short-lived (Ellison et al 2013, André et al 2017, Settey et al 2019, Peters et al 2021, Ye et al 2021. LEZs have been implemented in over 250 European cities in the last decade and a half, with varying approaches and rules (Cruz andMontenon 2016, Aguayo et al 2021).…”