Adaptation, optimization, and validation of a sensitive and robust method for the quantification of total aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, and G2) in the spice merkén by HPLC-FLD with post-column derivatization

Simultaneous Detection of Ochratoxin A and Aflatoxins in Industrial and Traditional Red andisotPepper Flakes along with Dietary Exposure Risk Assessment

“…Recently, Iha et al 14 recommended using PBS containing 0.5 and 1% of Tween 20 in the mycotoxin extraction from paprika and spices, respectively, resulting in the reduction of interfering peaks. Similarly, Palma et al 13 proposed adjusting the concentration of Tween 20–10% for improved AFs recovery. In the present work, 1% of Tween 20 in PBS was used as an extraction solvent, which needs to be optimized for the higher recovery of AFG 2 .…”

“… 7 , 11 Mycotoxins can contaminate red peppers, particularly during harvesting, drying, processing, storage, and transportation. 7 , 12 Many mycotoxins, including AFs (total AFs), 13 , 14 OTA, 14 zearalenone, 15 fumonisins, 16 deoxynivalenol, 17 trichothecenes, 17 citrinin, 15 sterigmatocystin, and roquefortine C, 18 were detected in red peppers. Furthermore, red pepper is a suitable substrate for a variety of mycotoxins; particularly, AFs and OTA are prevalent in red peppers.…”

“…Aspergillus section Flavi and Nigri were found more frequently than Penicillium and Fusarium species in Capsicum spp. , Mycotoxins can contaminate red peppers, particularly during harvesting, drying, processing, storage, and transportation. , Many mycotoxins, including AFs (total AFs), , OTA, zearalenone, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, trichothecenes, citrinin, sterigmatocystin, and roquefortine C, were detected in red peppers. Furthermore, red pepper is a suitable substrate for a variety of mycotoxins; particularly, AFs and OTA are prevalent in red peppers. ,, In this regard, the natural occurrence of AFs and OTA in red peppers was documented across the world, including Brazil, , Chile, Greece, Indonesia, Lebanon, India, Italy, , Nigeria, and South Africa . Therefore, research into mycotoxins in red peppers is critical for both domestic and international trade along with public health.…”

“…Furthermore, red pepper is a suitable substrate for a variety of mycotoxins; particularly, AFs and OTA are prevalent in red peppers. 13,14,17 In this regard, the natural occurrence of AFs and OTA in red peppers was documented across the world, including Brazil, 14,19 Chile, 13 Greece, 20 Indonesia, 21 Lebanon, 16 India, 22 Italy, 17,23 Nigeria, 24 and South Africa. 18 Therefore, research into mycotoxins in red peppers is critical for both domestic and international trade along with public health.…”

Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2021-22

“…Like Pi et al's (2022) multi-toxins analysis, the method is applicable in conducting large-scale analysis while determining multiple mycotoxins in a large number of samples. Palma et al (2022) developed and validated a modified methodology for extracting, purifying, and quantifying total aflatoxins, including AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1 , and AFG 2 in smoked chili pepper (merkén). The method utilised HPLC-FLD with post-column derivation to brominated analogues using a commercially available electrochemical cell.…”