Adaptive Resource and Moisture-Saving Ways of Increasing the Wheat Productivity and Reproduction the Fertility of Grain Forest Soil of the Kama Region of Tatarstan

Abstract

Complex studies were carried out in eight-field cereal-steam and grain-steamed crop rotations with the use of the following factors: precursors, fertilizer systems calculated for 4 and 5 tons of grain per hectare, plant protection and basic tillage methods. Scientific novelty - for the first time on the gray forest soils of Kama, adaptive moisture saving technologies have been developed and the agroeconomic substantiation of the effect of their integrated application on the productivity of spring wheat and reproduction of soil fertility has been given. The aftereffect of various types of organic fertilizers on the productivity of spring wheat and soil fertility under systemic application in crop rotations has been experimentally substantiated. The best precursors of spring wheat turned out to be alfalfa of 3 years of use, winter rye for the sideral sweet and manured fallows. Not bad predecessors are fertilized with organic fertilizers corn and winter wheat placed after the sideral fallow. Effective use of the organomineral fertilizer system in crop rotations, at which the productivity of the cultivated crop increases by 10-11 centners per hectare compared to the background without fertilizers, the supply of nutrients to the elements improves, during which the content exceeds the control by 1.3-1.4 times. The increment of yields from plant protection is in the range 0.2-0.45 ton per hectare, depending on the nutrition background and the protection methods. At the same time, the greatest increase from integrated protection, taking into account economic threshold of damage, is achieved against the background of the organomineral system of fertilizers, the smallest increase - against a background without fertilizers. Among basic soil cultivation methods, it is advisable to loosen without turning the seam to a depth of 15-16 cm, which increases the productivity, provides fuel and energy savings of up to 40%, accumulates and stores 10 to 20% more productive moisture in the meter soil layer than dump plowing. Complex application of adaptive methods on the basis of fructification using the organomineral fertilizer system raises productivity by 1.5-2 times, profitability of production by 43 -98%, reduces the cost of grain by 20-35%.