Additive Manufacturable Materials for Electrochemical Biosensor Electrodes

Abstract

With the impending Industrial Revolution 4.0, the information produced by sensors will be central in many applications. This includes the healthcare sector, where affordable healthcare and precision medicine are highly sought after. Electrochemical sensors have the potential to produce affordable, high sensitivity and specificity, intuitive, and rapid point‐of‐care diagnostics. Underpinning these achievements is the choice of material and the fabrication thereof. In this review, the different types of materials used in electrochemical biosensors are reported, with a focus on synthetic conductive materials. The review demonstrates that there is an abundance of materials to select from, and compositing different types of materials further widens their applicability in biosensors. In addition, the fabrication of such materials using the state‐of‐the‐art of fabrication technology, additive manufacturing (AM), is also detailed. The need for compositing is evident in AM, as the feedstock for certain AM technologies is inherently nonconductive. Both material choice and fabrication technologies limitations are also discussed to highlight opportunities for growth. The review highlights how recent technological advancements have the potential to drive the healthcare industry toward achieving its primary goals.

Harnessing artificial intelligence for the next generation of 3D printed medicines

“…The potential primary advantages of ML-guided in situ 3DP, like robotic surgery, include higher precision, better safety profiles, and a reduction in invasiveness [235]. In the context of pharmaceutics, in situ printing can be exploited to fabricate intricate drug-eluting devices or sensors for therapeutic drug monitoring inside the body [236,237].…”

Disrupting 3D printing of medicines with machine learning

“…The achievement of validated QC in pharmaceutical 3DP could greatly expedite the technology's translation to clinical practice [49,[98][99][100]. In recent years, several appropriate methods for the QC of 3DP medicines have been reported [101][102][103].…”

Harnessing machine learning for development of microbiome therapeutics

“…3D printing is an additive manufacturing method with great utility in production of personalized medicines. [110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] The human microbiome is as unique as one's fingerprint, thus 3D printing could be a useful technique for manufacture of personalized microbiome therapeutics. [121][122][123][124][125][126][127] Such formulations could contain live microorganisms, for example oral films containing viable probiotics have been produced using inkjet printing.…”