2017
DOI: 10.1002/adem.201700842
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Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys by Electron Beam Melting: A Review

Abstract: Electron beam melting (EBM), as one of metal additive manufacturing technologies, is considered to be an innovative industrial production technology. Based on the layer-wise manufacturing technique, as-produced parts can be fabricated on a powder bed using the 3D computational design method. Because the melting process takes place in a vacuum environment, EBM technology can produce parts with higher densities compared to selective laser melting (SLM), particularly when titanium alloy is used. The ability to pr… Show more

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Cited by 371 publications
(177 citation statements)
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References 156 publications
(188 reference statements)
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“…Recent progress has been achieved in the development of new alloys for PBF processes. Biomedical and aerospace applications are the most explored fields, which devote specific microstructure and material properties that match the requirements of its use [9,10]. Most of this work is entirely done by studying the impacts of laser energy density upon the final material properties and analyzing the discontinuities, such as cracks, delamination, balling effect, heat affected zone (HAZ) and residual stresses.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Recent progress has been achieved in the development of new alloys for PBF processes. Biomedical and aerospace applications are the most explored fields, which devote specific microstructure and material properties that match the requirements of its use [9,10]. Most of this work is entirely done by studying the impacts of laser energy density upon the final material properties and analyzing the discontinuities, such as cracks, delamination, balling effect, heat affected zone (HAZ) and residual stresses.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…EBM-built parts are as well explored in biomedical application, especially to produce lattice materials from topology optimization analysis. Different EBM-built material samples with up to 70% porosity displayed acceptable mechanical properties for specific applications [10].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A correlation between the α-platelet width and hardness revealed that the finer the local α-lamellae were, the higher the local hardness [10]. Although increasing the scan speed is a workable expedient that may be used to promote high-resolved microstructures (due to the inherently augmented solidification rate), it actually counteracts a detrimental increase in global porosity due to the increased volume of unmelted/unsintered powder [10].However, two critical aspects of SEBM of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy which are somehow linked to each other have been identified, with these being firstly the designed fixed temperature control strategy used to control the SEBM process and secondly the resulting ambiguous relationship between the intrinsic microstructure gradient (along the build direction) [25,28] and the measured tensile properties.It should be recalled that the temperature in the chamber is controlled by a thermocouple located below the build plate (stainless steel). As the build grows along the z-direction, the measured temperature becomes less and less representative of the actual energy injected by the beam into the layer.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, two critical aspects of SEBM of the Ti-6Al-4V alloy which are somehow linked to each other have been identified, with these being firstly the designed fixed temperature control strategy used to control the SEBM process and secondly the resulting ambiguous relationship between the intrinsic microstructure gradient (along the build direction) [25,28] and the measured tensile properties.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
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