Addressing space‐constraint driven selfishness in smart opportunistic environment

Abstract

A smart opportunistic environment is a physical space, which allows the smart physical objects to communicate in the presence of disruption in connectivity. Because, the objects in such an environment are buffer constrained, some of the objects will not participate in data forwarding, when there is scarcity of storage (buffer) space. In this paper, we focus on such selfish behavior of other's name/id but not their respective location. In such a case, S has to choose an intermediate node from a set of its neighbor nodes (eg, between R 1 and R 2 ), such that the interest on item will be eventually delivered to B, through multihop communication. Suppose, if R 1 is selected as relay, it may behave selfishly due to scarcity of its resources, and drop the interest. This type of selfish behaviour triggered by the resource-constraints in nodes is non-trivial to detect, as the nodes may suddenly start behaving selfishly when their resources fall below some threshold.Data forwarding in an SoE is quite challenging because of dynamic network topology, frequent network disruptions caused by node mobility, resource constraints, selfish behavior of nodes, etc. The aforementioned use case ( Figure 1) can be modeled with Opportunistic Networks or Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs), where nodes store, carry and forward messages in the presence of intermittent network connectivity.The concept of the node selfishness is an important factor to be considered in DTN routing. Considering a variety of applications of DTNs such as crisis management, battlefield, wildlife monitoring, vehicular network, Pocket Switched Networks (PSN), etc., the nodes in those networks are having energy constraints (limited power) and resource constraints (limited buffer, bandwidth, etc.). So, nodes in such a network may not be ready to receive the messages destined for other nodes, as message reception and forwarding are both energy consuming and resource utilizing processes. Also, in some of the applications of DTNs, such as vehicular network and PSN, which are networks of mobile phones carried by humans, the behavioral properties of humans (such as selfishness, friendship, etc.) will influence the network characteristics. Recent research 1 suggests that humans are naturally selfish and they cooperate based on their selfish needs. So selfishness of the nodes have to be considered while designing DTN routing protocol.Most of the traditional opportunistic routing and data forwarding algorithms 2-14 have weak assumptions about the resource constraints and selfish behaviour of buffer-constrained nodes. Although some of the researchers developed buffer management policies, 15-19 for optimal routing performance in opportunistic networks, they have ignored the selfish behaviour of nodes caused by resource constraints. So, an efficient routing algorithm has to be designed for an SoE, which should satisfy following four performance requirements-(1) High throughput, (2) Low delay, (3) Optimal resource utilization, and (4) Tolerance to node selfishness.The present paper ...

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