Adenosine Deaminase 1 as a Biomarker for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Abstract

SummaryBackgroundAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is known as the most prevalent pediatric malignancy all around the world. Identification of specific biomarker is necessary for early diagnosis and effective therapy. It is believed that Adenosine deaminase (ADA) as an enzyme involved in the purine salvage pathway increases in ALL patients. Herein, the quantity and pattern of ADA isoenzymes were surveyed among ALL patients in comparison to healthy subjects.MethodsSerum and RBC samples of three different groups of ALL patients, including newly diagnosed cases without any drugs administration, subjects with the relapsed disease, patients in the remission stage after therapy, and the healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Then, the activity and pattern of ADA1, ADA2 and ADA1+cp were determined using ADA kit and electrophoresis on SDS-PAGE, respectively. To confirm the presence of ADA enzyme, the fresh serums, extractions from erythrocytes, JM cell line as a human T lymphocyte line and J774 A.1 as mouse monocyte line were electrophoresed on 1.2% agarose gel and stained with the specific dye.ResultsThe activities of ADA1 isoenzyme and total ADA in new cases and subjects with the relapsed disease were significantly higher than their activities in the patients in the remission stage and healthy controls (p<0.001). The unbounded ADA1 isoenzyme was found to exist in the erythrocyte, lymphocyte and monocyte. But in serum, all the ADA1 was bounded to the cp protein.ConclusionsADA1 is the key isoenzyme elevating in ALL patients, therefore this isoenzyme could be a useful biomarker to diagnose ALL patients and monitor their therapies.

Serum Adenosine Deaminase as a Useful Marker to Estimate Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

“…An association of serum adenosine deaminase with systemic inflammation is observed in experimental colitis, 23 and serum adenosine deaminase activity is elevated in inflammatory diseases such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia, autoimmune hepatitis and rheumatic disease. [24][25][26][27] Serum adenosine deaminase has been reported to be an inflammatory marker in rheumatoid arthritis. 28 In another study showed that serum adenosine deaminase, an endogenous anti-inflammatory metabolite, is elevated in response to inflammatory status resulted by adipose tissue in obesity.…”

Lagerstroemia Speciosa (L.) Pers Leaf Extract Attenuates Lung Tumorigenesis via Alleviating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation and Apoptosis

“…According to Moorthy et al [54], elevated activity of AHH is essential in B(a)P metabolism, as it is the main enzyme responsible for B(a)P conversion to the extremely active benzo[a]pyren-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide, which is associated with tumor development and progression. Meanwhile, increased ADA activity may be a compensatory mechanism against the massive accumulation of its substrates (adenosine or deoxyadenosine), since increased proliferation leads to the salvage of nucleosides [55,56]. In addition, one possible reason for elevated levels of LDH could be its critical role in glycolysis [57].…”

Therapeutic Perspectives of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibition in Cardiovascular Diseases

“…In human tissues, adenosine deaminase is present as two isoenzymes: ADA1 and ADA2. [ 4 ] ADA1 constitutes the majority of ADA activity and it is present in virtually all tissues, with the highest levels in lymphoid cells, red blood cells and endothelium [ 4 , 5 ]. In addition to cytosolic form, ADA1 can be found as an ecto-enzyme binding to the cell surface by CD26 protein or adenosine receptors [ 6 ].…”