Adiponectin Can Be an Early Predictable Marker for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Nephropathy

Abstract

BackgroundSeveral studies have examined serum adiponectin concentrations in prediabetes, newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and other types of diabetes associated with the risk of T2DM and diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, the results to date are inconclusive. An aim of the current study is to determine whether adiponectin is a useful marker for the earlier development of T2DM and DN. MethodologyThis cross-sectional study included 400 subjects. Among the subjects, 100 were prediabetes subjects, 200 were T2DM patients, and the remaining 100 were healthy controls. The biochemical and clinical parameters of all patients were analyzed and the data were recorded. ResultsThe mean levels of adiponectin were significantly lower in prediabetic subjects than in healthy controls (3.22 ± 0.98, 5.36 ± 2.24, p = 0.0001**). Furthermore, the levels of adiponectin were significantly higher in both the groups of T2DM patients when compared to healthy controls (19.85 ± 3.31, 11.83 ± 3.01, and 5.36 ± 2.24, p = 0.0001**). In both diabetic groups, adiponectin was positively correlated with body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and microalbuminuria, while negatively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate. Interestingly, adiponectin had a reversed correlation in the prediabetic group. ConclusionBased on the results, the present study suggests that significantly decreased levels of serum adiponectin in prediabetic subjects might be used as a variable marker for T2DM. Moreover, adiponectin may useful for detecting the early onset of nephropathy, compared to microalbumin, as its concentration was significantly elevated in patients who were newly diagnosed with T2DM without nephropathy.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiometabolic Prospects: A Rapid Narrative Review

“…Adipose tissue generates several adipokines and free fatty acids (FFAs) [ 66 , 67 ]. Among adipokines, adiponectin is one of the principal components determining obesity, IR, and T2DM [ 68 ]. Additionally, raised levels of FFAs, especially saturated FFAs (e.g., stearic and palmitic acid) in plasma, impair insulin secretion and sensitivity and promote glucose intolerance [ 69 - 71 ].…”

Urinary nephrin linked nephropathy in type-2 diabetes mellitus

“…The glomerular basement membrane, the podocyte layer, and the fenestrated endothelium are the three main parts of the glomerular capillary wall. Specialized epithelial cells called podocytes create a network of inter digitating foot processes [ 19 ]. According to a recent study by Jim et al,all type 2 diabetic patients with micro albuminuria and macro albuminuria had nephrinuria.…”