Adolescent temperament, perceived social support, and depressive tendencies as predictors of depressive tendencies in young adulthood

Negative emotionality, activity, and sociability temperaments predicting long-term job strain and effort–reward imbalance: A 15-year prospective follow-up study

“…Furthermore, sociability was associated with low job demands, high job control, and high rewards. Sociability describes the individual preference to be in the company of others to being alone [17] and increases the probability of social support [36]. Social support, in turn, reduces stress [37] and may serve as a coping mechanism against stress induced, for instance, by work and family conflicts [38].…”

Relations with Parents and with Peers, Temperament, and Trajectories of Depressed Mood During Early Adolescence

“…As such, the relative contribution of parent and peer relationships to depressed mood remains unclear unless both types of social relations are assessed simultaneously. So far, only two studies on depressed mood have investigated temperament with parent and peer relations, and one of these studies was based entirely on cross-sectional self-reported data (Windle, 1992) whereas the other examined depressive feelings in young adulthood (Katainen et al, 1999). Finally, none of the existing studies differentiated between youths' relations with same-sex and other-sex peers despite evidence that both types of peer relations may uniquely contribute to adolescents' emotional well-being (Bukowski, Sippola, & Hoza, 1999;Kovacs, Parker, & Hoffman, 1996).…”

“…For example, both neuroticism and a difficult relationship with the father have been shown to predict directly and independently adolescents' level of depressive feelings, especially in girls (Heaven, Newbury, & Mak, 2004). In a related vein, negative emotionality as well as a lack of family support in mid-adolescence have been found to predict individuals' depressive feelings five years later, again mainly in girls (Katainen, Räikkönen, & Keltikangas-Järvinen, 1999). Some support for a mediational model comes from findings that the link between a global measure of difficult temperament and depression has been found to be at least partially mediated by low levels of perceived social support by the family and friends (Windle, 1992).…”

Cloninger's temperament traits and preclinical atherosclerosis: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study

“…Depressive symptoms were assessed with a revised version of Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI) [38,39]. In the present study, the participants were asked to rate 21 items (e.g., "I often feel sad") on a five-point scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).…”