Adrenal infections

Paolo, William F.; Nosanchuk, Joshua D.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.08.001

Cited by 72 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 147 publications

(219 reference statements)

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“…Immunosuppression in dogs with VL has been correlated with apoptosis or production of antiinflammatory cytokines (CORRÊA et al, 2007;MOREIRA et al, 2010MOREIRA et al, , 2013. This may be directly related to adrenal gland infection (PAOLO JR;NOSANCHUK, 2006).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Momo

Rocha

Moreira

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The objective of this study was to analyze morphological changes and parasite loads in the adrenal gland from 45 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The animals were from the Zoonosis Control Center of Araçatuba, state of São Paulo, which is an endemic region for the disease. These animals were euthanized due to positive diagnoses of VL. The dogs were classified into asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic groups. The parasite load was determined by immunohistochemistry, using VL-positive dog hyperimmune serum. Nine dogs showed an inflammatory infiltrate composed, predominantly, of plasma cells and macrophages. However, only eight dogs showed macrophages with amastigote forms of the parasite, immunolabeled in the cytoplasm. The medullary and reticular layers were the most affected areas, possibly due to a favorable microenvironment created by hormones in these regions. The density of parasites in the glandular tissue was not associated with clinical signs of VL (P > 0.05). However, the presence of the parasite was always associated with the presence of a granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate. This gland may not be an ideal place for the parasite's multiplication, but the presence of injuries to the glandular tissue could influence the dog's immune system, thus favoring the parasite's survival in the host's different organs.Keywords: Leishmania infantum chagasi, adrenalitis, dog, immunohistochemistry. ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as alterações morfológicas e a carga parasitária da glândula adrenal de 45 cães com leishmaniose visceral (LV). Os animais eram provenientes do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) de Araçatuba (SP), região endêmica para a doença. Esses animais são submetidos à eutanásia, devido ao diagnóstico positivo para LV. Os cães foram classificados nos grupos assintomático, oligossintomático e sintomático. A determinação da carga parasitária foi feita por imuno-histoquímica, com utilização de soro hiperimune de cão positivo para LV. Em nove cães, verificou-se um infiltrado inflamatório, composto predominantemente por plasmócitos e macrófagos. Entretanto, apenas oito cães apresentaram macrófagos com formas amastigotas do parasito imunomarcadas em seu citoplasma. As camadas medular e reticulada foram as mais afetadas, possivelmente por um microambiente favorável criado pelos hormônios nestas regiões. A densidade de parasitos no tecido glandular não foi relacionada com os sinais clínicos de LV (P > 0,05). No entanto, a presença do parasito sempre esteve associada à presença de infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso. Possivelmente, essa glândula não é um sítio ideal para a multiplicação do protozoário, mas a presença de injúrias no tecido glandular poderia influenciar o sistema imune do cão, favorecendo a sobrevivência do parasito nos diferentes órgãos do hospedeiro.Palavras-chave: Leishmania infantum chagasi, adrenalite, cão, imuno-histoquímica.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order for an individual to manifest clinical signs that indicate adrenal disorders, it is necessary for 80 to 90% of the gland to be affected in humans (PAOLO JR; NOSANCHUK, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Momo

Rocha

Moreira

et al. 2014

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…There are several case reports of hydatid disease caused by Echinococcus spp, and it is estimated to account for 6-7% of adrenal cysts [10][11][12]. Other causes include Leishmania spp, Trypanosoma spp, Microsporidia spp and amebic species which also can present as a cystic form [7]. However, the incidence of the adrenal paragonimiasis is extremely rare.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From the radiologic point of view, cystic lesions are rare constituting about 1-1.9% of adrenal incidentalomas [4,6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case of Incidentally Diagnosed Adrenal Paragonimiasis

Park

Lee

et al. 2011

Endocrinol Metab

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We report here on a rare case of adrenal paragonimiasis that presented with an adrenal incidentaloma. A 52-year-old male presented with fatigue and weight loss. The laboratory findings revealed eosinophilia (8.5%) and an increased eosinophil count (910/ μL). The computed tomography scan showed 6.5 × 5 cm sized multilocular cystic mass in the right adrenal gland, which was nonfunctioning, and cystic lesions with variable sizes were also noted in the abdominal cavity. On the surgical field, whitish patches were spread out in the peritoneum, the omentum, the dome of the liver and the diaphragm. The right adrenal gland was replaced by a cystic mass filled with mucopurulent creamy materials. The pathologic findings revealed numerous eggs of Paragonimus spp. Also, the ELISA was positive for IgG paragonimus antibody. The adrenal gland can become infected by various microbial pathogens, including parasites, although it is relatively uncommon. However, in the case of a cystic adrenal mass with accompanying eosinophilia in an endemic area, clinicians should consider the possibility of parasitic infection. (Endocrinol Metab 26:97-100, 2011)

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“…Stress, haemorrhagic diathesis or coagulopathy and idiopathic disease can cause such adrenal haemorrhages [16]. Stressful events like surgery, sepsis, hypotension or cardiovascular disease make the adrenals more susceptible to haemorrhage [17]. CT-examination of adrenals with haemorrhages show adrenal enlargement that may be asymmetric in case of bilateral haemorrhage.…”

Section: Adrenal Mass Size Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Disappearing adrenal masses

Hermsen

Polak

Haak

2010

Endocr

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Adrenal incidentalomas are a common finding due to the increasing use and improved technology of imaging studies. The majority of these enlargements are non-functional and irreversible. Publications on reversible adrenal enlargement are sparse. Our patient, a 66-year-old man, was admitted to the hospital due to abdominal discomfort. He was treated for rectal carcinoma 3 years before, and was now free of disease. Computed tomography (CT) scan showed no abnormalities other than the incidental finding of bilateral adrenal enlargement. Metastasis was suspected. The CEA-level, however, was within normal range and there was no evidence of hormonal overproduction. After 1 month the patient was reviewed. Physical examination and laboratory testing were normal. Surprisingly, the CT-scan showed a decreased size of both adrenals and after 3 months even showed completely normalized adrenals. Reversible adrenal enlargements are rare. Commonly described causes of adrenal enlargement are haematomas, cystic lesions and infections of the adrenal glands. The patient in this case did not show any clinical, laboratory or radiological signs of any of these diagnoses. The current existing differential diagnosis for bilateral adrenal enlargement is not sufficient to explain the findings in our patient.

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Adrenal infections

Cited by 72 publications

References 147 publications

Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

Morphological changes and parasite load of the adrenal from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis

A Case of Incidentally Diagnosed Adrenal Paragonimiasis

Disappearing adrenal masses

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