Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines

Bennett, J.

doi:10.1533/9780857097422.1.165

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Phenols and substituted phenols, such as methyl phenols (MPs), are important chemical materials and crucial precursors for resin, pesticide, antioxidants, and vitamin E formation. , The global demand for phenols reached 1200 tpa (tons per annual) in 2018 and has increased with an annual growth rate of ∼5%, thus attracting great attention. Phenols are usually generated from coal tar distillation, which requires complex processes and is not an environmentally friendly process, which is why alternative strategies for phenolic compound preparation have been investigated for decades .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO₄·xH₂O

Guo

Feng

et al. 2021

ACS Catal.

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Ethanol transformation with high product selectivity is a great challenge, especially for high weight molecules. Here, we show a combination study of kinetic, thermodynamic, and in situ spectroscopy measurements to probe the selective upgrading of ethanol over lamellar Ce(OH)SO 4 •xH 2 O catalysts, with 60− 70% Ce 3+ preserved during the catalysis. High methyl phenols (MPs) selectivity at ∼80% within condensation products was achieved at ∼50% condensation yield (3.0 kPa C 2 H 5 OH, 15 kPa H 2 , Ar balanced, 693 K, 1 atm, gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) ∼5.4 min −1 ), with acetaldehyde, acetone, 4-heptanone, and 2pentanone as the key reaction intermediates. Kinetic measurements with the assistance of isotope labeling proved that MPs generated from the kinetically relevant step (KRS) of C−C bond coupling of enolate nucleophilically attacks surface C 2 H 4 O following a Langmuir−Hinshelwood model. Low ethanol and water pressures and high acetaldehyde and hydrogen pressures were proved to be favored for MPs generation rather than dehydration, in which hydrogen could reduce the amount of lattice oxygen and facilitate the preparation of MPs while water and ethanol both compete with acetaldehyde for active sites during catalysis. On the basis of in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), quasi-in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman characterizations, the Ce(OH)SO 4 crystal structure was proved to be maintained along with ethanol activation, and the Ce 3+ −OH Lewis acid−base pair was proved to be the active species for the selective C−C bond coupling. The KRS assumption was also supported by the apparent activation energy assessment within the reaction network on dehydration, dehydrogenation, aldol condensation, and cyclization and a series of negligible kinetic isotope effects (KIEs). This system can be easily extended to some other systems related to C−C bond coupling and is attracting attention on converting oxygenate platform molecules over lanthanide species.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO₄·xH₂O

Guo

Feng

et al. 2021

ACS Catal.

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“…In the energy field, these phenolic chemicals can be used as antioxidant additives in gasoline to control gum formation. The phenol antioxidants are also very important to control the oxidative process in the new generation biodiesels that have very low content of sulfur . Yokoyama et al studied lignin depolymerization under subcritical and supercritical water and reported that higher water density increased the yield (maximum 40%) of oil and products containing hydroxyl groups and decreased the yield (minimum 30%) of char.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depolymerization of Different Organosolv Lignins in Supercritical Methanol, Ethanol, and Acetone To Produce Phenolic Monomers

Erdocia

Prado

Fernández-Rodríguez

et al. 2015

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Olive tree pruning was delignified by organosolv processes (acetosolv, formosolv, and acetosolv/formosolv) to extract different lignins. The obtained lignins (acetosolv lignin (AL), formosolv lignin (FL), and acetosolv/formosolv lignin (AFL)) were depolymerized using three different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) under supercritical conditions in a batch reactor to produce high value-added compounds. The recovered products (oil, char, and residual lignin) were analyzed in order to determine their composition and to know the influence of employed solvent and lignin. Lignin was successfully depolymerized in all cases, and the molecular weight of residual lignin was significantly reduced compared to raw lignin. The obtained oil had numerous phenolic monomers, with syringol and guaiacol being the main products in all studied cases. Depolymerization of AFL led to maximum yield of oil (38.04%), and acetone was the best solvent in terms of phenolic monomers production.

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“…However, after a period of time, the wax crystals were arranged to sink down slowly as layers into vessel bottom. Especially, the wax of heavy fuels were obviously watched by naked eyes [50].…”

Section: Differential Scanning Calorimetry (Dsc) Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Products by GC, ICP-MS, TGA and DSC

Uğuz

Ayanoğlu

2021

Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi

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The huge amount of waste tires (WTs) have been disposed to surroundings which cause dangerous effect on nature. Owing to recycled WTs, the pyrolysis is a good technique to dismiss harmful effect of the WTs, by converting into gas, liquid and solid. The present study has two steps of liquefaction at a batch reactor. Firstly, conversion of the WTs into gas, waste tire oil (WTO) and char. Then the WTO were blended with calcium oxide (CaO) or natural zeolite (NZ) at different ratio and pyrolyzed to obtain high quality oil, similar to gasoline fuel (GF) or diesel fuel (DF). The distillation curve is a good key to define fuel quaility. Thus, 10% CaO-WTO blend curve near to the DF. Unfortunately, the mixture was distillated at 54 o C, lower than the DF. Therefore, the blend was separated into two fractions due to intial-final boiling points as 150 o C to 360 o C, named as Diesel like fuel (DLF); between 54 o C to 150 o C, called as gasoline like fuel (GLF). Finally, samples were analyzed to characterizate by GC, ICP-MS, TGA and DSC for similarities of conventional fuels. The heavy metals and other elements of samples were analyzed by ICP-MS techniques. TGA is a good test to determine the oxidative and thermal stabilities of fuel while DSC was used to determine crystallization onset temperature on fuel samples. GC analysis is done for detemening of gas heating value and beside gas contents which has a comprehensive with standard burnable gas. Based on GLF and DLF with unliquified gas results, all of components of products can be burned in engine without any problem.

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Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO₄·xH₂O

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO₄·xH₂O

Depolymerization of Different Organosolv Lignins in Supercritical Methanol, Ethanol, and Acetone To Produce Phenolic Monomers

Characterization of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Products by GC, ICP-MS, TGA and DSC

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Advanced fuel additives for modern internal combustion engines

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO4·xH2O

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO4·xH2O

Depolymerization of Different Organosolv Lignins in Supercritical Methanol, Ethanol, and Acetone To Produce Phenolic Monomers

Characterization of Waste Tire Pyrolysis Products by GC, ICP-MS, TGA and DSC

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Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO₄·xH₂O

Facile Preparation of Methyl Phenols from Ethanol over Lamellar Ce(OH)SO₄·xH₂O