Advanced robotics and additive manufacturing of composites: towards a new era in Industry 4.0

Parmar, Hetal; Khan, Tayyab; Tucci, Fausto; Umer, Rehan; Carlone, Pierpaolo

doi:10.1080/10426914.2020.1866195

Cited by 136 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 309 publications

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“…Three dimensional (3D) printing is an emerging technology in the medical field that offers new opportunities for tissue engineering and the reconstruction of bone [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Based on three-dimensional imaging, patient specific scaffolds can be manufactured additively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Muallah

Sembdner

Holtzhausen

et al. 2021

JCM

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Three dimensional (3D) printing allows additive manufacturing of patient specific scaffolds with varying pore size and geometry. Such porous scaffolds, made of 3D-printable bone-like calcium phosphate cement (CPC), are suitable for bone augmentation due to their benefit for osteogenesis. Their pores allow blood-, bone- and stem cells to migrate, colonize and finally integrate into the adjacent tissue. Furthermore, the pore size affects the scaffold’s stability. Since scaffolds in maxillofacial surgery have to withstand high forces within the jaw, adequate mechanical properties are of high clinical importance. Although many studies have investigated CPC for bone augmentation, the ideal porosity for specific indications has not been defined yet. We investigated 3D printed CPC cubes with increasing pore sizes and different printing orientations regarding cell migration and mechanical properties in comparison to commercially available bone substitutes. Furthermore, by investigating clinical cases, the scaffolds’ designs were adapted to resemble the in vivo conditions as accurately as possible. Our findings suggest that the pore size of CPC scaffolds for bone augmentation in maxillofacial surgery necessarily needs to be adapted to the surgical site. Scaffolds for sites that are not exposed to high forces, such as the sinus floor, should be printed with a pore size of 750 µm to benefit from enhanced cell infiltration. In contrast, for areas exposed to high pressures, such as the lateral mandible, scaffolds should be manufactured with a pore size of 490 µm to guarantee adequate cell migration and in order to withstand the high forces during the chewing process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Muallah

Sembdner

Holtzhausen

et al. 2021

JCM

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“…[1][2][3][4][5] Pultrusion is the most efficient technique for the production of fiber-reinforced polymers. [6][7][8] Pultruded profiles exhibit a high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and high durability and are easy to handle. 9,10 In thermoset pultrusion, the reinforcement pack of a unidirectional fiber is pulled through the impregnation bath with a polymer resin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of additives on the cure kinetics of vinyl ester pultrusion resins

Vedernikov

Nasonov

Korotkov

et al. 2021

Journal of Composite Materials

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Pultrusion is a highly efficient composite manufacturing process. To accurately describe pultrusion, an appropriate model of resin cure kinetics is required. In this study, we investigated cure kinetics modeling of a vinyl ester pultrusion resin (Atlac 430) in the presence of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) and zinc stearate (Zn(C18H35O2)2) as processing additives. Herein, four different resin compositions were studied: neat resin composition, composition with Al(OH)3, composition comprising Zn(C18H35O2)2, and composition containing both Al(OH)3 and Zn(C18H35O2)2. To analyze each composition, we performed differential scanning calorimetry at the heating rates of 5, 7.5, and 10 K/min. To characterize the cure kinetics of Atlac 430, 16 kinetic models were tested, and their performances were compared. The model based on the [Formula: see text]th-order autocatalytic reaction demonstrated the best results, with a 4.5% mean squared error (MSE) between the experimental and predicted data. This study proposes a method to reduce the MSE resulting from the simultaneous melting of Zn(C18H35O2)2. We were able to reduce the MSE by approximately 34%. Numerical simulations conducted at different temperatures and pulling speeds demonstrated a significant influence of resin composition on the pultrusion of a flat laminate profile. Simulation results obtained for the 600 mm long die block at different die temperatures (115, 120, 125, and 130 °C) showed that for a resin with a final degree of cure exceeding 95% at the die exit, the maximum difference between the predicted values of pulling speed for a specified set of compositions may exceed 1.7 times.

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“…The VARTM process for manufacturing composite laminates is well-documented in the literature. 52,53 The CF/thermoplastic face sheets were also manufactured at room temperature and were left to cure for 24 h, followed by post-curing at 80°C for 1 h. The face sheets and the honeycomb cores were adhesively bonded using the hand layup technique. A two-part epoxy adhesive and hardener system (Gurit PRIME 20LV ® ) was used as the adhesive.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy absorption in carbon fiber honeycomb structures manufactured using a liquid thermoplastic resin

Khan¹,

Aziz

Irfan

et al. 2022

Journal of Composite Materials

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In this study, carbon fiber/thermoplastic (Elium®) honeycombs were manufactured using the resin infusion process in a customized metallic mold. Honeycomb cores, based on different carbon fiber layers, were manufactured to achieve four different fiber weight fraction composites. Two different types of specimens, based on a single honeycomb cell and five honeycomb cells, were prepared and subjected to compression loading. The results of these tests were compared with data from similar honeycomb structures based on carbon fiber–reinforced epoxy composite. It has been shown that the compressive strength and the specific energy absorption capacity of the honeycombs increase rapidly with increasing fiber weight fraction. The specific energy absorption capability of the novel thermoplastic honeycomb structures has been shown to be as high as 50 kJ/kg which compares favorably with other energy-absorbing core materials. The thermoplastic honeycomb specimens exhibited a similar specific energy absorption capability and an improved compressive strength compared to their epoxy counterparts. Furthermore, the CF/thermoplastic honeycombs exhibited enhanced structural stability and displayed a more uniform and progressive core failure mode than the longitudinal splitting observed in the CF/epoxy honeycombs. The honeycomb core that exhibited the best performance was then used to manufacture thermoplastic sandwich specimens based on CF/thermoplastic face sheets. Three point bend tests were conducted to determine the flexural strength of the sandwich samples and to identify the failure modes. Optical micrographs revealed that the flexural damage was primarily due to the core crushing and adhesive failure between the core and the composite skins.

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Advanced robotics and additive manufacturing of composites: towards a new era in Industry 4.0

Cited by 136 publications

References 309 publications

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Adapting the Pore Size of Individual, 3D-Printed CPC Scaffolds in Maxillofacial Surgery

Effects of additives on the cure kinetics of vinyl ester pultrusion resins

Energy absorption in carbon fiber honeycomb structures manufactured using a liquid thermoplastic resin

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