“…doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2010.07.087 comparing to a newly activated B-cell (Carter, 2000). The novel characteristics of the immune system have inspired the development of artificial immune systems for various applications (Dasgupta, 2006;Hart & Timmis, 2008). The major application areas include data mining (Freitas & Timmis, 2007), pattern recognition (Watkins, Timmis, & Boggess, 2004;Zhong, Zhang, Gong, & Li, 2007), fault diagnosis (Dasgupta, KrishnaKumar, Wong, & Berry, 2004;Taylor & Corne, 2003), and medical classification problems (Polat, Gunes, & Tosun, 2006).…”