Advances in Biosensors Technology for Detection and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles

Abstract

Exosomes are extracellular vehicles (EVs) that encapsulate genomic and proteomic material from the cell of origin that can be used as biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnostics in point of care settings. The efficient and accurate detection, quantification, and molecular profiling of exosomes are crucial for the accurate identification of disease biomarkers. Conventional isolation methods, while well-established, provide the co-purification of proteins and other types of EVs. Exosome purification, characterization, and OMICS analysis are performed separately, which increases the complexity, duration, and cost of the process. Due to these constraints, the point-of-care and personalized analysis of exosomes are limited in clinical settings. Lab-on-a-chip biosensing has enabled the integration of isolation and characterization processes in a single platform. The presented review discusses recent advancements in biosensing technology for the separation and detection of exosomes. Fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemical, magnetic, and surface plasmon resonance technologies have been developed for the quantification of exosomes in biological fluids. Size-exclusion filtration, immunoaffinity, electroactive, and acoustic-fluid-based technologies were successfully applied for the on-chip isolation of exosomes. The advancement of biosensing technology for the detection of exosomes provides better sensitivity and a reduced signal-to-noise ratio. The key challenge for the integration of clinical settings remains the lack of capabilities for on-chip genomic and proteomic analysis.

Increasing the sensitivity and accuracy of detecting exosomes as biomarkers for cancer monitoring using optical nanobiosensors

“…Through ascorbic acid etching of the Au NBP@MnO 2 NSs, the refractive index of gold nanobipyramid (Au NBPs) was increased. By leveraging the strengths of signal amplification and exceptional refraction, the LOD was established at 1.35 × 10 2 particles µL − 1 , which surpasses the sensitivity of colorimetric methods previously documented for EXO detection [ 141 ] (Fig. 5 ).…”

“…The fluorescence analysis revealed that the signals in metastatic SLNs peaked within thirty minutes and remained there for up to 3 h. In contrast, the signals in normal SLNs peaked within an hour and then decreased abruptly. By utilizing this integrated methodology, lymphatic metastasis can be predicted by identifying EXOs derived from SLN [ 141 ].…”

Microfluidic Platforms for the Isolation and Detection of Exosomes: A Brief Review

“…Therefore researchers have recently started integrating different methods based on the physical properties of exosomes with the design of the microfluidic device. Thus, microfluidics-based isolation techniques have developed and evolved over the years [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ]. The following sections will discuss some of the most interesting methods mostly based on the immunoaffinity approaches.…”

Roquin-1 resolves sepsis-associated acute liver injury by regulating inflammatory profiles via miRNA cargo in extracellular vesicles

“… 15 In antitumor response and immune-related conditions, Roquin-1 regulated the function of T helper cells, B cells, and autoantibody production. 16 , 17 , 18 Our previous study determined that Roquin-1 upregulated the ubiquitination of AMPK α and inhibited its phosphorylation. 19 However, the role of Roquin-1 in møs during SALI is still unexplored.…”