Advances in capillary electrophoretically mediated microanalysis: An update

Abstract

This review, as a continuation of an earlier report, gives an overview of recent developments, over the period from 2003 until now, in the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the in-line study of enzymatic reactions, derivatization, and chemical reactions. The article is divided into two parts: (i) in-line enzymatic reactions and (ii) in-line derivatization and chemical reactions. The first part introduces electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) and discusses and illustrates the different modes of EMMA. A literature overview on enzymatic reactions is provided. The second part starts with an introduction of the procedures and the nomenclature used in the area of in-line derivatization and chemical reactions based on EMMA. Reported derivatization and chemical reaction procedures are discussed and summarized.

Recent developments in CE and CEC of peptides

“…In addition to more conventional procedures of preand postcapillary derivatization, new approach based on incapillary derivatization, adopted from the concept of capillary electrophoresis-mediated microanalysis (EMMA) [74], has started to be used for peptide and protein labeling. Incapillary derivatization of amino acids and peptide buccaline with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) was developed for their subsequent CE analysis with LIF detection (argon ion laser, excitation/emission at 488/ 520 nm wavelength) [75].…”

“…Several CE applications are dealing with enzymatic conversions of peptides, to study some details of these processes and/or activity of enzymes and kinetics of their acting on peptides and proteins and other compounds using the so called electrophoresis-mediated microanalysis (EMMA) [74,218]. Two CE modes, CZE and CMEKC, were applied to the screening of combinatorial peptide libraries for their inhibitory activites to botulinum neurotoxin serotype A, a proteolytic enzyme that induces muscle paralysis [219].…”

Determination of NAD⁺ and NADH level in a Single Cell Under H₂O₂ Stress by Capillary Electrophoresis

“…In these systems, efficient mixing of the reactants in a controllable manner is always an essential issue. For enzymatic assays carried out in a CE column, which is called electrophoretically mediated microanalysis or EMMA, 33 mixing is often based on the difference of migration rates of different reactants. With the continuous mode of EMMA, for example, the capillary is initially filled with running buffer containing one of the reactants while the other reactant is injected into the capillary as a sample plug.…”

Enzymatic in‐capillary derivatization for glucose determination by electrophoresis with spectrophotometric detection

“…The literature on the subject presents some reviews concerning mathematical models [6][7][8], methodology, and application of EMMA [9][10][11][12].…”