Advances in micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) with high energy density and fast charge‐discharge capabilities for flexible bioelectronic devices—A review

Abstract

Supercapacitors are a new brand of high‐performance nanoengineered devices that match the high capacity of batteries for electric energy storage with the ability of dry capacitors for ultra‐fast charging or discharging rates. Thus, supercapacitors are capable of simultaneously providing the high energy‐density and high power‐density, demanded in a plethora of biosensors and portable electronic devices. In this review, a variety of nanomaterials investigated for possible applications in novel supercapacitors have been evaluated including different carbon nanoforms, metal oxides or hydroxides, chalcogenides, carbides and phosphates, as well as organic redox species, conductive polymers, metal‐organic frameworks, MXenes and others. Different strategies for boosting volumetric capacitance, power density and charge or discharge cycling stability of micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) designed from these materials have been reviewed and their application potential assessed. Special attention has been given to micro‐supercapacitor's designs that are suitable for miniaturization and integration with flexible microcircuits for wearable and implantable biomedical devices, remotely rechargeable sensors, microprocessor‐controlled data processing chips, biomorphic computing, smart phone communication, military, automotive applications and emerging technologies. The different strategies applied for MSCs design and fabrication, including femto‐laser writing, photolithography, screen printing, stamping, inkjet printing, mask patterning and others, have been assessed. The exciting future perspectives of MSCs have been discussed.

Supercapacitor Properties of rGO-TiO2 Nanocomposite in Two-component Acidic Electrolyte

“…The shape of galvanostatic charging and discharging curves is close to linear. In other words, it is close to the shape of corresponding dependences for conventional electrostatic capacitors [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. ECSCs are divided into double-layer capacitors (DLCs), pseudocapacitors (PsCs) and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs).…”

Performance of a PANI/MnO2 Nanocomposite-Based Supercapacitor/Diode Under DC Magnetic Field and Visible and Ultraviolet Photon Irradiation

“…The development of energy storage technology has been the subject of much research due to the rising need for clean and sustainable energy. 1 Super capacitors (SCs), sometimes known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors, and due to their outstanding qualities including high power density, 2,3 high energy density, 4 long cycle life, 5 quick charge-discharge rate, 6 and low maintenance cost. [2][3][4] Depending on their charge-storage strategies, the SCs can be divided into two primary categories.…”

“…Conducting polymers have demonstrated substantially greater specific capacitance and they are inexpensive. 11,12 In this direction, polyaniline (PANI), 13,14 polypyrrole, 14 polythiophene, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), 16 and so on, have been thoroughly examined. From these conducting polymers, the most promising classes of active materials for supercapacitors is known to be PANI.…”

Microstructure and Electrochemical Performance of Supercapacitor Based on Nickel/Activated Carbon Composite Electrode

“…Supercapacitors are energy storage devices that utilize the principle of electrochemical energy conversion, which uses adsorption or chemical reaction processes to store electric charge from the electrolyte [1]. Supercapacitors are employed as a compelling alternative to batteries because of their high-power density and fast charging capability [2], [3]. The electrochemical performance of electrodes is dependent on several parameters, including electrolyte permeability, electrical conductivity, and surface area [4]- [6].…”

“…Nickel has the potential application as electrode in supercapacitors because it has high thermal and electrical conductivity, and shows magnetic properties below temperatures of 345 ˚C [28]. Some of its distinctive properties include having a specific surface area of 40-60 m 2 /g, particle size ranging from 2 -50 nm, density of 8.9 g/cm 3 , and thermal conductivity in the temperature range 0-100 ˚C of 88.5 W/mK [29].…”