“…Carbon-based nanomaterials have been widely used as electrocatalysts due to their good conductivity, chemical stability, excellent resistance to acid/alkaline solution, and modifiability, for example, the ORR, OER, and HER. − Nanocarbons with different dopants can show distinct electrochemical activities toward different reactions. Many works have confirmed that oxygen-doped carbon (O–C) displayed excellent 2e ORR activity.…”