Advances in Research on Bladder Cancer Targeting Peptides: a Review

Abstract

Bladder cancer (Bca) is the second most common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system in Chinese male population with high potential of recurrence and progression. The overall prognosis has not been improved significantly for the past 30 years due to the lack of early theranostic technique. Currently the early theranostic technique for bladder cancer is mainly through the intravesical approach, but the clinical outcomes are poor due to the limited tumor-targeting efficiency. Therefore, the targeting peptides for bladder cancer provide possibility to advance intravesical theranostic technique. However, no systematic review has covered the wide use of the targeting peptides for intravesical theranostic techniques in bladder cancer. Herein, a summary of original researches introduces all aspects of the targeting peptides for bladder cancer, including the peptide screening, the targeting mechanism and its preclinical application.

Urinary endogenous peptides as biomarkers for prostate cancer

“…Overall, urinary peptides resulted in AUC values comparable to or greater than those observed for other urinary PCa biomarkers based on RNA, DNA or proteins (8,17). Our sample preparation protocol is simplest, cheapest and fastest when compared to experimental approaches traditionally used in the isolation of urinary protein/peptide biomarkers for LC-MS analysis (6,(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23). We analyzed naturally occurring urinary peptides and, therefore, our protocol did not include an enzymatic protein digestion step (e.g., trypsin digestion).…”

“…Our sample preparation protocol is simplest, cheapest and fastest when compared to experimental approaches traditionally used in the isolation of urinary protein/peptide biomarkers for LC-MS analysis ( 6 , 18 – 23 ). We analyzed naturally occurring urinary peptides and, therefore, our protocol did not include an enzymatic protein digestion step (e.g., trypsin digestion).…”

“…Therefore, the presence/abundance of urinary peptides is altered according to the physiological/pathological state of main urogenital tissues. Cancer cells secret proteases that can act on proteins present in the urine, ultimately leading to a differential abundance of urinary peptides in individuals with cancer (18,32). Previous studies have shown that endogenous urinary peptide signatures have diagnostic value for PCa, especially in discriminating between PCa and BPH, resulting in high sensitivity (67.4 to 91.7%) and specificity (71.2 to 90.5%) (33)(34)(35).…”

The value of ATAD3A as a potential biomarker for bladder cancer

“…9 About 80% of BCa patients have reduced symptoms after intravesical chemotherapy, but the specificity of this method is not high. 10 At present, the common methods in the field of BCa treatment include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and combined immunotherapy, which have relative advantages and disadvantages and scope of application. According to the size, grade, and several tumors, different treatment schemes will be adopted.…”

“…Studies have found that some nonmuscle BCa (NMIBC) is highly invasive, so it is necessary to apply local chemotherapy mode during treatment 9 . About 80% of BCa patients have reduced symptoms after intravesical chemotherapy, but the specificity of this method is not high 10 …”