Advances in the Elemental Composition Analysis of Propolis Samples from Different Regions of Turkey by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

Elemental Analysis of Tetragonula laeviceps Propolis by X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy

“…When X-ray photon particles possess sufficient energy to liberate electrons from an atom, the photoelectric effect occurs, wherein electrons are released as photoelectrons with kinetic energy equal to the difference between the photon energy and the electron binding energy within the atom. X-ray radiation can also induce electrons to transition to lower orbitals, accompanied by the emission of energy, commonly referred to as XRF emission [7].…”

Elemental Profile of Propolis from Different Areas of Serbia

“…Additionally, some plants tend to accumulate high levels of PTEs in their biomass. They are classified as hyperaccumulators of PTEs in the food chain, posing a potential health hazard to consumers, including humans and animals [12] …”

“…Essential elements such as Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn can also cause toxic effects in humans and animals at concentrations above physiologically tolerable limits. Bee products are less suitable to serve as indicators for the measurement of Pb and Cd pollution due to considerable natural variation [12,13] . Therefore, the active use of propolis as a raw‐starting material for the production of medicines, cosmetic preparations, and dietary supplements for food goods and pharma formulations leads to the need to evaluate the ecological purity and safety of this apicultural product [6]…”

“…They are classified as hyperaccumulators of PTEs in the food chain, posing a potential health hazard to consumers, including humans and animals. [12] PTEs such as Pb, Cd, and As are not essential for humans and animals and have deleterious effects on the body, causing acute and chronic toxicities even at low concentrations. Essential elements such as Cu, Fe, Se, and Zn can also cause toxic effects in humans and animals at concentrations above physiologically tolerable limits.…”

“…Bee products are less suitable to serve as indicators for the measurement of Pb and Cd pollution due to considerable natural variation. [12,13] Therefore, the active use of propolis as a raw-starting material for the production of medicines, cosmetic preparations, and dietary supplements for food goods and pharma formulations leads to the need to evaluate the ecological purity and safety of this apicultural product. [6] The aim of the present study was to characterize propolis samples from seven different regions of Serbia in terms of their element content and to evaluate similarities and differences between them using statistical tools.…”