Advancing towards Ubiquitous EEG, Correlation of In-Ear EEG with Forehead EEG

Mandekar, Swati; Holland, Abigail; Thielen, Moritz; Behbahani, Mehdi; Melnykowycz, Mark

doi:10.3390/s22041568

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…This property also ensured that energy from abrupt motion was absorbed, leading to lower motion artifacts. The viscoelastic approach to in-ear EEG has been utilized in numerous studies, demonstrating its capabilities in acquiring in-ear EEG for various applications, however, the device design has undergone only minor adjustments since its origination [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]. Some studies directly use commercially available flexible electrode as in-ear EEG sensing device.…”

Section: Viscoelastic Earpiecementioning

confidence: 99%

The future of wearable EEG: a review of ear-EEG technology and its applications

Kaongoen,

Choi,

Woo Choi

et al. 2023

J. Neural Eng.

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Objective:This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of ear-EEG technology, which involves recording electroencephalogram (EEG) signals from electrodes placed in or around the ear, and its applications in the field of neural engineering.Approach:We conducted a thorough literature search using multiple databases to identify relevant studies related to ear-EEG technology and its various applications. We selected 123 publications and synthesized the information to highlight the main findings and trends in this field.Main Results:Our review highlights the potential of ear-EEG technology as the future of wearable EEG technology. We discuss the advantages and limitations of ear-EEG compared to traditional scalp-based EEG and methods to overcome those limitations. Through our review, we found that ear-EEG is a promising method that produces comparable results to conventional scalp-based methods. We review the development of ear-EEG sensing devices, including the design, types of sensors, and materials. We also review the current state of research on ear-EEG in different application areas such as brain-computer interfaces, and clinical monitoring.Significance:This review paper is the first to focus solely on reviewing ear-EEG research articles. As such, it serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and engineers working in the field of neural engineering. Our review sheds light on the exciting future prospects of ear-EEG, and its potential to advance neural engineering research and become the future of wearable EEG technology.

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Section: Viscoelastic Earpiecementioning

confidence: 99%

The future of wearable EEG: a review of ear-EEG technology and its applications

Kaongoen,

Choi,

Woo Choi

et al. 2023

J. Neural Eng.

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“…Consumer Forehead EEG Devices. Consumer forehead EEG devices 60 (characteristics summarized in Table 2) have been gaining popularity among the general public for various applications, such as meditation, entertainment, 61,62 and research. 63−67 The available information about the electrodes' hardware is scarce since most of the work is proprietary.…”

Section: Summary and Remarks About Drymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumer forehead EEG devices (characteristics summarized in Table ) have been gaining popularity among the general public for various applications, such as meditation, entertainment, , and research. − The available information about the electrodes’ hardware is scarce since most of the work is proprietary. Other than BrainCo Focus 1, all listed electrodes are dry, mainly made of metals (the type of metal not specified).…”

Section: Scalp Eegmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Electrode Materials for Scalp, Forehead, and Ear EEG: A Mini-Review

Petrossian

Kateb

Miquet-Westphal

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Bio Mater.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG) records the electrical activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex and is used extensively to diagnose, treat, and monitor psychiatric and neurological conditions. Reliable contact between the skin and the electrodes is essential for achieving consistency and for obtaining electroencephalographic information. There has been an increasing demand for effective equipment and electrodes to overcome the time-consuming and cumbersome application of traditional systems. Recently, ear-centered EEG has met with growing interest since it can provide good signal quality due to the proximity of the ear to the brain. In addition, it can facilitate mobile and unobtrusive usage due to its smaller size and ease of use, since it can be used without interfering with the patient’s daily activities. The purpose of this mini-review is to first introduce the broad range of electrodes used in conventional (scalp) EEG and subsequently discuss the state-of-the-art literature about around- and in-the-ear EEG.

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“…Although still limited, there are emerging approaches that record and utilize EEG with in-ear (Mandekar et al, 2022) or around-ear devices (Segaert et al, 2022). Segaert et al (2022) reported around-ear EEG signatures of word processing that can be utilized for detecting early impairments in language comprehension in mild cognitive impairment.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring auditory event‐related potentials at the external ear canal: A demonstrative study using a new electrode and error‐feedback paradigm

Arao,

Suwazono,

Kimura

et al. 2023

Eur J of Neuroscience

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Although ear canal electroencephalogram (EEG) recording has received interest from basic and applied research communities, evidence on how it can be implemented in practice is limited. The present study involving eight male participants including the authors presents the utility of our ear canal electrode and method by demonstrating both comparability of ear canal EEG to those at nearby sites and distinctiveness that ear canal event‐related potentials (ERPs) could have. For this purpose, we used the balanced noncephalic electrode reference and an experimental paradigm with an error‐feedback sound. Clear auditory ERPs were detected at the ear canal sites with a sufficiently low noise level comparable with those at conventional sites. The N1c, a temporal maximum subcomponent, spread over the bilateral temporal sites, including the ear canals and earlobes. While consecutive signals are generally highly similar between the ear canal and the earlobe, the N1c was larger at the ear canal than the earlobe, as demonstrated by the conventional frequentist and the hierarchical Bayesian modelling approaches. Although an evident caveat is that our sample was limited in terms of size and sex, the general capability indicates that the structure of our ear canal electrode provides EEG measurement that can be used in basic and applied settings. Our experimental method can also be an ERP‐based test that conveniently assesses the capability of existing and future ear canal electrodes. The distinctive nature of the ERPs to the error‐feedback sound may be utilized to examine the basic aspects of auditory ERPs and to test the processes involved in feedback‐guided behaviour of participants.

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Advancing towards Ubiquitous EEG, Correlation of In-Ear EEG with Forehead EEG

Cited by 10 publications

References 31 publications

The future of wearable EEG: a review of ear-EEG technology and its applications

The future of wearable EEG: a review of ear-EEG technology and its applications

Advances in Electrode Materials for Scalp, Forehead, and Ear EEG: A Mini-Review

Measuring auditory event‐related potentials at the external ear canal: A demonstrative study using a new electrode and error‐feedback paradigm

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