Adventures in nutrition over half a century

Widdowson, E. M.

doi:10.1079/pns19800045

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As few data were available to calculate reference values for infants, the UK COMA Panel on Dietary Reference Values (1991) used a factorial approach based on intracellular and ECF concentrations of sodium with allowances for growth‐related changes in the volumes of these compartments according to body compositional reference data (Widdowson, ). Values for the first 6 months of life were also based on reference values for the composition of breast milk and a presumed intake of 850 mL/day.…”

Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary reference values for sodium

Turck

Castenmiller²,

Henauw

et al. 2019

EFS2

113

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Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) derived dietary reference values (DRVs) for sodium. Evidence from balance studies on sodium and on the relationship between sodium intake and health outcomes, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related endpoints and bone health, was reviewed. The data were not sufficient to enable an average requirement (AR) or population reference intake (PRI) to be derived. However, by integrating the available evidence and associated uncertainties, the Panel considers that a sodium intake of 2.0 g/day represents a level of sodium for which there is sufficient confidence in a reduced risk of CVD in the general adult population. In addition, a sodium intake of 2.0 g/day is likely to allow most of the general adult population to maintain sodium balance. Therefore, the Panel considers that 2.0 g sodium/day is a safe and adequate intake for the general EU population of adults. The same value applies to pregnant and lactating women. Sodium intakes that are considered safe and adequate for children are extrapolated from the value for adults, adjusting for their respective energy requirement and including a growth factor, and are as follows: 1.1 g/day for children aged 1-3 years, 1.3 g/day for children aged 4-6 years, 1.7 g/day for children aged 7-10 years and 2.0 g/day for children aged 11-17 years, respectively. For infants aged 7-11 months, an Adequate Intake (AI) of 0.2 g/day is proposed based on upwards extrapolation of the estimated sodium intake in exclusively breast-fed infants aged 0-6 months. SummaryFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a Scientific Opinion on dietary reference values (DRVs) for the European population, including sodium.Sodium (Na + ) is the dominant cation in the extracellular fluid (ECF) of the body. The functions of sodium lie in its participation in the control of the volume and systemic distribution of total body water; enabling the cellular uptake of solutes; and the generation via interactions with potassium of transmembrane electrochemical potentials.Dietary sodium deficiency is rare in healthy European populations. Sodium chloride and other sodium salts are ubiquitous in the diet, and there are adaptive physiological mechanisms that reduce the losses of sodium in urine, faeces and sweat at low levels of sodium intake. Sodium chloride added during industrial food processing and discretionary use or food preservation is the major source of dietary sodium in Western diets. Other sources of sodium include inherently native sources and sodium-containing food additives, in which sodium may be associated with anions other than chloride.In healthy people, almost all dietary sodium is absorbed, even at very high level of intake. Following absorption, sodium ions are distributed by portal and systemic circulations, where their concentrations are maintained within a narrow range. Up to 95% o...

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Section: Criteria (Endpoints) On Which To Base Dietary Reference Valuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary reference values for sodium

Turck

Castenmiller²,

Henauw

et al. 2019

EFS2

113

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“…The bone deformities of children with vitamin D deficiencies have almost gone from the industrialised world and knowledge of iodine and folate has meant that supplementation can reduce the neurological deficiencies they cause [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. In the last half of the 20th century the work of Scrimshaw, the Jelliffes, and Widdowson improved the understanding of the relationships between poor nutrition, growth and infectious diseases, a major factor in the decline of child deaths [ 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethical Challenges in Infant Feeding Research

2017

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Infants have a complex set of nutrient requirements to meet the demands of their high metabolic rate, growth, and immunological and cognitive development. Infant nutrition lays the foundation for health throughout life. While infant feeding research is essential, it must be conducted to the highest ethical standards. The objective of this paper is to discuss the implications of developments in infant nutrition for the ethics of infant feeding research and the implications for obtaining informed consent. A search was undertaken of the papers in the medical literature using the PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Knowledge, Proquest, and CINAHL databases. From a total of 9303 papers identified, the full text of 87 articles that contained discussion of issues in consent in infant feeding trials were obtained and read and after further screening 42 papers were included in the results and discussion. Recent developments in infant nutrition of significance to ethics assessment include the improved survival of low birth weight infants, increasing evidence of the value of breastfeeding and evidence of the lifelong importance of infant feeding and development in the first 1000 days of life in chronic disease epidemiology. Informed consent is a difficult issue, but should always include information on the value of preserving breastfeeding options. Project monitoring should be cognisant of the long term implications of growth rates and early life nutrition.

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“…In 2001 the Nutrition Society will celebrate the 60th anniversary of its formation. The Society was set up in 1941 by a forwarding-thinking group of UK scientists including physiologists, agricultural scientists, chemists and clinicians who came together to establish a scientific society dedicated to the pursuit of new knowledge in animal and human nutrition (Widdowson, 1980(Widdowson, , 1991. The formation of the Nutrition Society, as well as providing a forum for the presentation and the dissemination of research findings, also lent essential scientific credibility to a subject that many regarded as not appropriate for serious academic enquiry.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Diamond Jubilee of the Nutrition Society

Williams

2001

Br J Nutr

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Adventures in nutrition over half a century

Cited by 7 publications

References 33 publications

Dietary reference values for sodium

Dietary reference values for sodium

Ethical Challenges in Infant Feeding Research

The Diamond Jubilee of the Nutrition Society

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