Advertisement Interval to Minimize Discovery Time of Whole BLE Advertisers

Shan, Gaoyang; Roh, Byeong‐hee

doi:10.1109/access.2018.2817343

Cited by 45 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The wireless channel accesses are assumed random, as each sensor beacon independently harvests energy from the non-deterministic and spatially variable environment. With a time on air of 0.376 ms for a full BLE advertisement packet [36] and a sensor activation period of 10 s, the collision probability of the considered pure ALOAH communication scheme with sensor beacons operating in parallel is calculated as:…”

Section: Model-based Scalability Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvesting-Aware Optimal Communication Scheme for Infrastructure-Less Sensing

Sigrist

Ahmed

Gómez

et al. 2020

ACM Trans. Internet Things

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Sensing systems for long-term monitoring constitute an important part of the emerging Internet of Things. In this domain, energy harvesting and infrastructure-less communication enable truly autonomous and maintenance-free operation of sensor nodes gathering long-term environmental data. Due to the infrastructureless nature of the communication receivers are not always available. The variable energy provided by the environment and the receiver's mobility lead to non-deterministic node availability. In this work, we study infrastructure-less data transmission schemes to optimize communication when both senders and receivers exhibit intermittent behavior. We rely on the notion of data utility, describing the importance of sensed data to the receiver, to determine an optimal communication scheme. Deriving the communication policy that maximizes the utility of the received data is shown to be a convex optimization problem. The resulting scheme is implemented and validated on a batteryless Bluetooth Low Energy sensor node that communicates to commodity smartphones. Our evaluation demonstrates that the model accurately captures the application scenario with a maximum Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) of less than 0.016 in data reception probability. The communication scheme's adaptiveness to variable harvesting conditions is experimentally demonstrated under varying harvesting conditions and is shown to significantly increase the data utility. CCS Concepts: • Information systems → Mobile information processing systems; • Computer systems organization → Sensor networks; Sensors and actuators; • Hardware → Sensor applications and deployments.

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Section: Model-based Scalability Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Harvesting-Aware Optimal Communication Scheme for Infrastructure-Less Sensing

Sigrist

Ahmed

Gómez

et al. 2020

ACM Trans. Internet Things

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“…The paper by Shan and Roh [12] focuses on the discovery time of BLE tags. Their goal was to tune BLE parameters (namely, the advertisement interval) in order to shorten the detection time of BLE tags by the scanner running in a continuous scanning mode (i.e., the scan interval and the scan window parameters are set to the same value) and lower the energy consumed by the tags during discovery.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Smaller advertisement intervals (below 200 ms) and those above 3 s cause detection times to increase significantly (cf. Figure 8 in [12]). Although Shan and Roh only focused on tag discovery and analyzed BLE using just simulations, their results show that if the advertisements contain data (e.g., some measurements), then in dense environments it takes several seconds (and, consequently, transmission of several advertisements) to successfully transmit the data to the scanner.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Compared to connection-based communication, the connectionless mode has several limitations, which primarily come from using advertisement and optional scan response messages for data transmission. These limitations include a small payload size, relatively long transmission intervals (affecting effective data throughput and transmission delay), a small number of radio channels used (thus increased probability of collisions), and a lack of acknowledgments to confirm that the transmission was correctly received [10][11][12]. Although these form a limitation, it is worth noticing that several communication technologies and protocols used in IoT networks (e.g., LoRaWAN, SigFox) do not provide the same properties and can still be effectively used in a vast number of applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking the above into account, real-life evaluation of connectionless BLE communication becomes important, especially since the results presented in the literature are mainly based on simulations and theoretical analyses addressing device discovery latency (e.g., [11,12]), the coexistence of a small number of devices [20], and energy efficiency [5,10,13,21,22]. The contribution of this paper includes the following:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Evaluation of Advertisement-Based Bluetooth Low Energy Communication

Nikodem

Bawiec

2019

Sensors

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This paper addresses the efficiency of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) communication in a network composed of a large number of tags that transmit information to a single hub using advertisement mode. Theoretical results show that the use of advertisements enables hundreds and thousands of BLE devices to coexist in the same area and at the same time effectively transmit messages. Together with other properties (low power consumption, medium communication range, capability to detect a signal’s angle-of-arrival, etc.), this makes BLE a competing technology for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. However, as the number of communicating devices increases, the advertisement collision intensifies and the communication performance of BLE drops. This phenomena was so far analyzed theoretically, in simulations and in small-scale experiments, but large-scale experiments are not presented in the literature. This paper complements previous results and presents an experimental evaluation of a real IoT-use case, which is the deployment of over 200 tags communicating using advertisements. We evaluate the impact of the number of advertisements on the effective data reception rate and throughput. Despite the advertisement collision rate in our experiment varying between 0.22 and 0.33, we show that BLE, thanks to the multiple transmission of advertisements, can still ensure acceptable data reception rates and fulfill the requirements of a wide range of IoT applications.

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