Aerobic diving limits of immature Weddell seals

Kooyman, Gerald L.; Castellini, Michael A.; Davis, R. W.; Maue, Robert A.

doi:10.1007/bf00689915

Cited by 248 publications

(178 citation statements)

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“…For example, only 52% of the measured dives made by thick-billed murres were within the calculated ADL (Croll et al 1992). Direct evidence of dives that go beyond the lactate threshold has been found in Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii (Kooyman et al 1983) and emperor penguins Aptenodytes forsteri (Ponganis et al 1997). In the latter, the measured ADL (7 min, with a transition time of between 5 and 7 min; Ponganis et al 1997) was close to the ADL calculated on the basis of O 2 stores and diving metabolic rate (5 min; Kooyman and Ponganis 1990) and very close to the bADL based on analysis of the emperor penguins' diving duration vs. surface interval (8 min, Kooyman and Kooyman 1995), suggesting that the 3 methods are in good agreement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Flexible foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic seabird: large males do not always dive deep

Quillfeldt¹,

Schroff²,

Noordwijk³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Sex differences in foraging behaviour have been explained by size dimorphism and/or avoidance of inter-sexual competition for depletable resources. To distinguish between these 2 hypotheses, we examined how intrinsic factors (sex-related differences) and extrinsic factors (year differences) shape the foraging behaviour of size-dimorphic imperial shags Phalacrocorax atriceps albiventer breeding at New Island, Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. We deployed time-depth and compass loggers to male and female imperial shags over 3 consecutive chick-feeding seasons. Males and females partly overlapped in coastal foraging areas, which were used mainly for benthic diving. Males additionally used offshore areas over deep water for shallow pelagic diving, suggesting that spatial segregation is involved in the avoidance of inter-sexual competition for food. Stable isotope data suggested differences in prey composition between the sexes, with consistently higher trophic levels in males, as expected for their larger size. Males were 27% heavier than females and reached greater maximum dive depths (98.9 ± 5.3 m) than females (54.1 ± 2.9 m). However, contrary to predictions based on body size dimorphism, the median dive depths of males were similar to those of females. While females used mainly benthic diving, males were more flexible in their benthic and pelagic foraging behaviour. Females also carried out more dives per day in all years, and deeper and longer dives than males in one year. As dive parameters differed strongly among the years, our results suggest that body size dimorphism and the avoidance of inter-sexual competition for food are involved in the evolution of sex-related differences in foraging in this species.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Flexible foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic seabird: large males do not always dive deep

Quillfeldt¹,

Schroff²,

Noordwijk³

et al. 2011

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…The rate at which oxygen stores are depleted, 61 together with the extent of those stores, allows of an animal's aerobic dive limit 62 (ADL) to be calculated. The ADL is the maximum time that an animal can remain 63 submerged relying solely on aerobic metabolism (Kooyman et al 1983). Although 64 the transition between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism during diving is likely not 65 a distinct switch, the ADL is a critical comparative parameter for investigating the 66 ecological physiology and behaviour of marine mammals.…”

Section: Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean

et al. 2016

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1Marine mammals are characterised as having physiological specializations that 2 maximize use of oxygen stores to prolong time spent under water. However, it has 3 been difficult to undertake controlled studies to determine the physiological 4 limitations and trade-offs that marine mammals face while diving in the wild under 5 varying environmental and nutritional conditions. For the past decade, Steller sea 6 lions (Eumetopias jubatus) trained to swim and dive in the open ocean away from 7 the physical confines of pools participated in studies that investigated the 8 interactions between diving behaviour, energetic costs, physiological constraints, 9and prey availability. Many of these studies measured the costs of diving to 10 understand how they vary with behaviour and environmental and physiological 11 conditions. Collectively, these studies show that the type of diving (dive bouts or 12 single dives), the level of underwater activity, the depth and duration of dives, and 13 the nutritional status and physical condition of the animal affect the cost of diving 14 and foraging. They show that dive depth, dive and surface duration, and the type of 15 dive result in physiological adjustments (heart rate, gas exchange) that may be 16 independent of energy expenditure. They also demonstrate that changes in prey 17 abundance and nutritional status causes sea lions to alter the balance between time 18 spent at the surface acquiring oxygen (and offloading CO2 and other metabolic by-19 products) and time spent at depth acquiring prey. These new insights into the 20 physiological basis of diving behaviour furthers understanding of the potential 21 scope for behavioural responses of marine mammals to environmental changes, the 22 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Diving metabolism of Steller sea lions 3 energetic consequences of these adjustments, and the consequences of approaching 23 physiological limits. 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Diving metabolism of Steller sea lions 4The need to study diving metabolism 25Marine mammals are well known for being able to remain submerged for extended 26 durations. Early studies of marine mammals (mainly phocid or "true" seals) 27 investigated the anatomical features by which they managed to do so. These include 28 adaptations for withstanding the intense pressures experienced at depth and 29 greater relative on-board oxygen stores than their terrestrial counterparts, which 30 allows them to remain active during submergence breath-holding. For example, 31 elevated oxygen storage is present in both circulating haemoglobin and the 32 myoglo...

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“…system, (3) the maximum O 2 saturation possible in the arterial system is 95 %, with a minimum of 20 % after O 2 has been transported to other tissues, and (4) venous blood is presumed to have 5 % less volume than the starting arterial O 2 stores and can be extracted to zero (Kooyman et al 1983;Davis and Kanatous 1999;Burns et al 2007). Muscle O 2 stores were determined for each animal assuming that Mb also had an O 2 carrying capacity of 1.34 mL O 2 g −1 [Mb] and total muscle mass was estimated as 38 % of lean body mass ).…”

Section: Total Body Oxygen Stores and The Cadlmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large aerobic capacities and reduced O 2 consumption allow pinnipeds to delay the production of lactate, thereby extending the aerobic dive limit (ADL) (Kooyman et al 1980(Kooyman et al , 1983. The ADL can be estimated by dividing endogenous O 2 stores by diving metabolic rates (DMR), which is an accurate estimator of the diving lactate threshold in Weddell seals (Kooyman et al 1980(Kooyman et al , 1983Ponganis et al 1993;Burns and Castellini 1996;Costa et al 2001).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ADL can be estimated by dividing endogenous O 2 stores by diving metabolic rates (DMR), which is an accurate estimator of the diving lactate threshold in Weddell seals (Kooyman et al 1980(Kooyman et al , 1983Ponganis et al 1993;Burns and Castellini 1996;Costa et al 2001). The diving lactate threshold, or the "true" ADL, will vary on a dive-by-dive basis depending on O 2 saturation at the start of a dive, the magnitude of the dive response, and metabolic rates (Castellini et al 1992b;Guyton et al 1995;Davis and Kanatous 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scaling matters: incorporating body composition into Weddell seal seasonal oxygen store comparisons reveals maintenance of aerobic capacities

2015

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β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase) were likewise maintained across the year. The preservation of aerobic capacity is likely critical to foraging capabilities, so that following the molt Weddell seals can rapidly regain body mass at the start of winter foraging. In contrast, muscle lactate dehydrogenase activity, a marker of anaerobic metabolism, exhibited seasonal plasticity in this diving top predator and was lowest after the summer period of reduced activity. Total body oxygen stores Abstract Adult Weddell seals (Leptonychotes weddellii) haul-out on the ice in October/November (austral spring) for the breeding season and reduce foraging activities for ~4 months until their molt in the austral fall (January/February). After these periods, animals are at their leanest and resume actively foraging for the austral winter. In mammals, decreased exercise and hypoxia exposure typically lead to decreased production of O 2 -carrying proteins and muscle wasting, while endurance training increases aerobic potential. To test whether similar effects were present in marine mammals, this study compared the physiology of 53 post-molt female Weddell seals in the austral fall to 47 pre-breeding females during the spring in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Once body mass and condition (lipid) were controlled for, there were no seasonal changes in total body oxygen (TBO 2 ) stores. Within each season, hematocrit and hemoglobin values were negatively correlated with animal size, and larger animals had lower mass-specific TBO 2 stores. But because larger seals had lower mass-specific metabolic rates, their calculated aerobic dive limit was similar to smaller seals. Indicators of muscular efficiency, myosin heavy chain composition, myoglobin concentrations, and aerobic enzyme activities (citrate synthase and Keywords

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Aerobic diving limits of immature Weddell seals

Cited by 248 publications

References 5 publications

Flexible foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic seabird: large males do not always dive deep

Flexible foraging behaviour of a sexually dimorphic seabird: large males do not always dive deep

Physiological constraints and energetic costs of diving behaviour in marine mammals: a review of studies using trained Steller sea lions diving in the open ocean

Scaling matters: incorporating body composition into Weddell seal seasonal oxygen store comparisons reveals maintenance of aerobic capacities

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