Aerobic fitness and the diurnal rhythm of blood pressure in adolescents.

Abstract

We examined the effects of aerobic fitness and race on the diurnal rhythm of blood pressure of 175 healthy adolescents who performed a cycle ergometer maximal exercise test while oxygen consumption was measured. A median split of maximum oxygen consumption for boys and girls separately classified them as either "more-fit" or "less-fit" subjects. Ambulatory blood pressure recordings were also performed, and the data were analyzed for means while subjects were awake and asleep. Less-fit black boys had higher systolic pressures than more-fit black boys while awake (124 vs. 115 mm Hg;/><0.009) and asleep (117 vs. 108;p<0.001). Less-fit black boys also had higher systolic pressures than less-fit white boys while awake (114;/?< 0.002) and asleep (105; /?< 0.001), and they had higher systolic pressures than more-fit white boys while asleep (105;p<0.01). Less-fit black girls had higher systolic pressures than more-fit black girls while awake (116 vs. 109;p<0.004) and asleep (109 vs. 100;p<0.001). Less-fit black girls also had higher diastolic pressures than more-fit black girls while awake (71 vs. 66; p< 0.002) and asleep (66 vs. 61;p<0.001). In addition, less-fit black girls had higher systolic pressures than more-fit white girls while asleep (104; p< 0.05), higher diastolic pressures than more-fit white girls while awake (68;p<0.05) and asleep (60; p< 0.006), and higher diastolic pressures than less-fit white girls while asleep (61;/?< 0.001). These findings indicate that fitness influences ambulatory blood pressure profiles, particularly in black adolescents. {Hypertension 1990;15:810-814) P revious studies using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring have demonstrated racial differences in the diurnal rhythm of blood pressure in adolescents 1 and adults.2 -3 Specifically, black individuals and white individuals have similar levels of blood pressure while awake, but black individuals have higher levels of blood pressure while asleep. Aerobic fitness may be a second factor that influences the diurnal variation of blood pressure. Increased physical activity and aerobic fitness are associated with lower casual blood pressure, 4 -11 as well as a reduced risk for the development of hypertension and coronary heart disease. 12- 15 The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of aerobic fitness and the interaction between aerobic fitness and race on the diurnal variation of blood pressure in healthy, normotensive adolescents. Methods SubjectsA biracial sample of 226 healthy, normotensive children between the ages of 10 and 18 years was recruited as part of an ongoing study evaluating hypertensive risk factors in children. A total of 175 of the 226 children (77%) completed both the cycle ergometer maximal exercise test and the ambulatory blood pressure recording. Parental consent was obtained before testing.The sample included 80 boys and 95 girls, who were divided into "more-fit" and "less-fit" categories based on a median split of maximum oxygen consumption (Vc^max) performed separately for boys and girls. The...

Inactivity in Childhood and Adolescence: A Modern Lifestyle Associated with Adverse Health Consequences

“…Additionally, Sallis et al (1988) observed significant negative correlations between fitness and blood pressure, as well as BMI. In agreement, Fraser et al (1983), Harshfield et al, (1990), and Gutin et al (1990), also, demonstrated significant negative correlations between fitness and blood pressure in children. These findings demonstrate that whatever applies to adults, also applies to children.…”

Efeito do treinamento físico de membros superiores aeróbio de curta duração no deficiente físico com hipertensão leve

“…Vários são os estudos que demonstraram evidências favoráveis do efeito anti-hipertensivo do TF com caracterís-ticas aeróbias, entretanto, ainda existem controvérsias sobre os meios e controles utilizados nos programas de atividade física para hipertensão, a metodologia mais adequada para a avaliação das intensidades de exercício e os possíveis mecanismos responsáveis pela atenuação desta síndrome cardiovascular [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] . Embora o efeito crônico do TF na PA de indivíduos normotensos seja controversa, a maioria dos estudos tem demonstrado que o exercício aeróbio diminui significativamente a pressão arterial (PA) de repouso 21,22,24,25 .…”

The magnitude and duration of ambulatory blood pressure reduction following acute exercise

“…Several investigators have observed the 24-h ambulatory BP response to exercise, 8,9,11,[13][14][15] but only three have reported reductions in systolic, 8,13,15 mean, 15 or diastolic pressures. 8,15 The inconsistencies in these studies may be attributed to study design, ambulatory techniques, or small numbers of subjects.…”

“…8,9,11,[13][14][15] This study utilised 21 hypertensive subjects which is four times the average number of subjects used in the previous studies. The power of the results of this study ranges from 0.740 to 0.984.…”

“…Even though the use of 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring has been recommended in the study of BP and exercise, 4 it's use in exercise has been limited. [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Ambulatory monitoring has been used to observe the response to acute exercise 8,9,11,[13][14][15] as well as to physical conditioning. [5][6][7]9,10,12 The findings from the studies that observed the BP following exercise have been inconsistent.…”