Aerodynamic drag reduction in winter sports: The quest for “free speed”

Brownlie, Len

doi:10.1177/1754337120921091

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…In sports like cycling, running, and xc-skiing, athletes like to use the wake that arises behind another competitor to reduce the F D (drafting). In sports with no or minimal changes to an object's size, frontal area, shape, and movements, for example, in bobsleigh and skeleton, laminar/turbulent flow transitions can be studied, geometries optimized, and effects on F D investigated at relevant speeds and Reynolds numbers using force plate (5)(6)(7)(8). However, a xc-skier is far from being a solid body without variance in size, frontal area, shape, and movements, except in tucked position used in downhill sliding.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Aerodynamic Drag and Drafting on Propulsive Force and Oxygen Consumption in Double Poling Cross-Country Skiing

Ainegren

Linnamo

Lindinger

2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the effects of aerodynamic drag and drafting on propulsive force (FPROP), drag area (CDA), oxygen cost (V˙O2), metabolic rate (E˙), and heart rate (HR) during roller skiing on a treadmill in a wind tunnel using the double poling technique. A secondary aim was to investigate the effects of wind versus no-wind test conditions on the same physiological parameters.MethodsTen subjects of each gender participated in the experiments. One pair of skiers of the same gender roller skied simultaneously in line with the air flow; the distance between the skiers was ~2.05 m. Each pair was tested as follows: I) with wind, leading; II) with wind, drafting; and III) without wind. The treadmill inclination was 0° throughout the tests. For the wind conditions, the air velocity was similar to the treadmill belt speed: 3 to 7 m·s−1 for men and 3 to 6 m·s−1 for women.ResultsDrafting resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) lower FPROP,CDA, V˙O2, and E˙, compared with leading, for both genders at racing speed but not at lower speeds, whereas HR was only affected for the male skiers at racing speed. The test without wind resulted in significantly lower FPROP, V˙O2, and E˙ at all tested speeds compared with the tests with wind present, whereas HR was lower only at higher speeds.ConclusionsAt racing speed, but not at lower speeds, the positive effects of drafting behind a skier during double poling were obvious and resulted in a lower FPROP, CDA, V˙O2, E˙, and HR. Tests without wind present put even lower demands on the skiers’ physiology, which was also evident at lower speeds.

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confidence: 99%

Effects of Aerodynamic Drag and Drafting on Propulsive Force and Oxygen Consumption in Double Poling Cross-Country Skiing

Ainegren

Linnamo

Lindinger

2022

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

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“…Aerodynamics is the force acting on the body as the air flows past. The air forces experienced by skiers are strongly influenced by the wind, with air resistance being the most important drag (Brownlie 2021). Previous research has shown that skiing is a high speed snow sport where the power output of the skier is used to resist wind resistance and that optimal posture is effective in reducing wind resistance (Chen,et al 2011).…”

Section: Representation Of Environmental Elements In the Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metaverse skiing system linked with real-time environmental elements of the ski resort

Tan

Wang

Yue

et al. 2022

Preprint

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This paper presents a virtual ski training system based on changes in environmental elements of ski resort. The aim of the system is to allow skiers to ski training without going to a ski resort, increase tactical training in the face of different environments and help skiers improve their performance. The system uses VR technology to construct a realistic ski training scenario. 5G cloud platform transmissions are connected to the actual ski resorts to obtain real-time environmental elements data to import into the VR system in order to construct a dynamic model of the environment. The effectiveness of the system was verified through a combination of indoor and outdoor tests to analyse participants' skiing speed in both real and virtual scenarios. In conjunction with questionnaires completed by the participants, differences in the effectiveness of the participants' experience of the different dimensions of the system were analysed. The results show that this VR system is effective in simulating actual ski resorts and is an effective aid for skiers, especially less experienced ski students.

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“…Skiers are subjected to the action of air resistance during their skiing process. Air resistance is formed by the relative speed between the incoming wind and the skiing movement of skier [14,15], it can be expressed as:…”

Section: Calculation Principles Of Aerodynamic Resistance Of Skier Du...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Wind Tunnel Experiment for the Hydrodynamics of Wind Resistance Energy Consumption of Human Body

Dong¹,

Zhao²

2022

IJHT

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Aerodynamic resistance, also called the aerodynamic drag, can greatly affect the movements of athletes during high-speed sports. In terms of skiing, the wind environment of the venue creates pushing force or dragging force on the body of skiers during their skiing process in the ski resort. The sliding velocity and the work against resistance are greatly affected by wind, so how to reduce the work against wind resistance is a research focus of sports science. This study conducted wind tunnel experiment on physical skier models. At first, non-contact 3D measurement was carried out to measure the body of a certain skier and several skier models were scanned and printed; then, for the typical movement postures made by the skier in the Yabuli Ski Training Base which is located in the Heilongjiang province of China, wind tunnel experiment was conducted to study the relationship between the air drag coefficient and the wind speed during the skiing process. The results show that the drag coefficient does not change with wind speed during the skiing process. Parameters such as the skier’s height, posture, and frontal area on the windward side have a certain impact on the drag coefficient. The greater the height of the skier, the larger the drag coefficient. The laws summarized in this paper could be used by athletes to adopt rational tactics and optimize their postures during training, thereby improving their competition performance.

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Aerodynamic drag reduction in winter sports: The quest for “free speed”

Cited by 16 publications

References 84 publications

Effects of Aerodynamic Drag and Drafting on Propulsive Force and Oxygen Consumption in Double Poling Cross-Country Skiing

Effects of Aerodynamic Drag and Drafting on Propulsive Force and Oxygen Consumption in Double Poling Cross-Country Skiing

Metaverse skiing system linked with real-time environmental elements of the ski resort

Wind Tunnel Experiment for the Hydrodynamics of Wind Resistance Energy Consumption of Human Body

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