Affective modulation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients

Schlenker, R.; Cohen, Rudolf; Hopmann, G

doi:10.1007/bf02191873

Cited by 60 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Modulation of blink responses has proved to be a valuable tool to operationally investigate attentional deficits and information processing dysfunctions in patients with different neuropsychiatric disorders [2,15,[17][18][19]. In general, the acoustic response of the orbicularis oculi muscle is considered to be the most reliable component of the overall startle reaction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eyeblink component of the startle response can easily be measured as the EMG activity of the orbicularis oculi muscles using surface electrodes which can be used in investigations of startle excitability under different physiological and pathological conditions. In particular, the assessment of prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response represents an operational measure of sensorimotor gating and has become a valuable tool to investigate information processing deficits in various neuropsychiatric disorders [e. g., 1,2,9,[17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electromyographical differentiation between the acoustic blink and startle reflex

Meincke

Mörth²,

Voss³

2002

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

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Recent evidence suggests that electromyographic activity in the orbicularis oculi muscle occurring in response to sudden acoustic stimuli consists of two overlapping components: the blink and the startle reflex. The aim of the present study was to identify these two components in acoustically elicited eyeblink responses and to analyze their differential modulation by weak acoustic prepulses. The prevalence, latency and amplitude characteristics of double EMG peaks in pulse-alone and prepulse-pulse trials (PP) with 30 ms and 100 ms interstimulus intervals were assessed in 16 healthy volunteers.EMG responses with two peaks were registered in 42.6 % of the pulse-alone trials and in 56.2 % of the PP30 and 48.7 % of the PP100 trials, respectively. Prepulse inhibition of the amplitude was greater for the second peak (14.2 % (P2) vs. -11.5 % (P1) in PP30 trials; 62.6 % (P2) vs. 32.3 % (P1) in PP100 trials), resulting also in higher P1/P2 amplitude ratios in prepulse-pulse trials (P1/P2: 62.9 % in pulse-alone, 92.6 % in PP30 and 100.1 % in PP100 trials). In conclusion, double peaks are a common phenomenon in human studies of acoustically elicited blink responses. It is postulated that the first peak represents the auditory blink reflex, whereas the second peak corresponds to the startle reflex, which may be more susceptible to prepulse inhibition. This complexity should be taken into account in clinical studies of the modulation of the startle reflex.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromyographical differentiation between the acoustic blink and startle reflex

Meincke

Mörth²,

Voss³

2002

European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences

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“…Further, individuals with schizophrenia show intact responses in emotion-modulated startle paradigms during the presentation of pleasant stimuli, when given sufficient time to process the stimuli (Schlenker et al 1995;Curtis et al 1999;Volz et al 2003;Kring et al 2011) and intact memory enhancement for positive stimuli (Mathews and Barch 2004;Horan et al 2006;Hall et al 2007) though see (Herbener et al 2007). …”

Section: Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 95%

Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia

Deanna¹,

Pagliaccio²,

Luking³

2015

Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences

191

151

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Motivational and hedonic impairments are core aspects of a variety of types of psychopathology. These impairments cut across diagnostic categories and may be critical to understanding major aspects of the functional impairments accompanying psychopathology. Given the centrality of motivational and hedonic systems to psychopathology, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative includes a "positive valence" systems domain that outlines a number of constructs that may be key to understanding the nature and mechanisms of motivational and hedonic impairments in psychopathology. These component constructs include initial responsiveness to reward, reward anticipation or expectancy, incentive or reinforcement learning, effort valuation, and action selection. Here, we review behavioral and neuroimaging studies providing evidence for impairments in these constructs in individuals with psychosis versus in individuals with depressive pathology. There are important differences in the nature of reward-related and hedonic deficits associated with psychosis versus depression that have major implications for our understanding of etiology and treatment development. In particular, the literature strongly suggests the presence of impairments in in-the-moment hedonics or "liking" in individuals with depressive pathology, particularly among those who experience anhedonia. Such deficits may propagate forward and contribute to impairments in other constructs that are dependent on hedonic responses, such as anticipation, learning, effort, and action selection. Such hedonic impairments could reflect alterations in dopamine and/or opioid signaling in the striatum related to depression or specifically to anhedonia in depressed populations. In contrast, the literature points to relatively intact in-the-moment hedonic processing in psychosis, but provides much evidence for impairments in other components involved in translating reward to action selection. Particularly, individuals with schizophrenia exhibit altered reward prediction and associated striatal and prefrontal activation, impaired reward learning, and impaired reward-modulated action selection.

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“…90 Evidence for intact affective responses has also been found in emotion-modulated startle, such that individuals with schizophrenia show similar reductions of startle responses when presented with pleasant stimuli and given sufficient time to process the stimuli. 92,97,109 Furthermore, several studies have shown intact memory enhancement for positive stimuli in schizophrenia, 21,110,111 again suggesting intact ''in-the-moment'' response to affect eliciting stimuli (though see Herbener 99 ). Experience sampling studies in schizophrenia find that patients report less intense and less variable positive emotions.…”

Section: Hedonics and Liking In Schizophreniamentioning

confidence: 99%

Goal Representations and Motivational Drive in Schizophrenia: The Role of Prefrontal-Striatal Interactions

Deanna

Dowd

2010

Schizophrenia Bulletin

428

325

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The past several years have seen a resurgence of interest in understanding the psychological and neural bases of what are often referred to as ''negative symptoms'' in schizophrenia. These aspects of schizophrenia include constructs such as asociality, avolition (a reduction in the motivation to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior), and anhedonia (a reduction in the ability to experience pleasure). We believe that these dimensions of impairment in individuals with schizophrenia reflect difficulties using internal representations of emotional experiences, previous rewards, and motivational goals to drive current and future behavior in a way that would allow them to obtain desired outcomes, a deficit that has major clinical significance in terms of functional capacity. In this article, we review the major components of the systems that link experienced and anticipated rewards with motivated behavior that could potentially be impaired in schizophrenia. We conclude that the existing evidence suggests relatively intact hedonics in schizophrenia, but impairments in some aspects of reinforcement learning, reward prediction, and prediction error processing, consistent with an impairment in ''wanting.'' As of yet, there is only indirect evidence of impairment in anterior cingulate and orbital frontal function that may support value and effort computations. However, there are intriguing hints that individuals with schizophrenia may not be able to use reward information to modulate cognitive control and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex function, suggesting a potentially important role for cortical-striatal interactions in mediating impairment in motivated and goal-directed behavior in schizophrenia.

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Affective modulation of the startle reflex in schizophrenic patients

Cited by 60 publications

References 30 publications

Electromyographical differentiation between the acoustic blink and startle reflex

Electromyographical differentiation between the acoustic blink and startle reflex

Mechanisms Underlying Motivational Deficits in Psychopathology: Similarities and Differences in Depression and Schizophrenia

Goal Representations and Motivational Drive in Schizophrenia: The Role of Prefrontal-Striatal Interactions

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