Afferent projections to the Bötzinger complex from the upper cervical cord and other respiratory related structures in the brainstem in cats: retrograde WGA-HRP tracing

Song, Gang; Sato, Yasumitsu; Kohama, Ikuhide; Aoki, Mamoru

doi:10.1016/0165-1838(95)00049-x

Cited by 36 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…(Table 2, Figure 3). The magnus raphe is known to have connections with other important brainstem respiratory centers, namely the solitary tract nucleus, Botzinger complex, retrotrapezoidal nucleus and KF/PB complex (Gang et al, 1995; Hermann et al, 1997). Projections from the raphe magnus to the C4 phrenic nerve segments have been identified in studies of spontaneously breathing rodents (Hosogai et al, 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of spontaneous breathing via limbic/paralimbic–bulbar circuitry: An event-related fMRI study

Evans

Dougherty

Schmid³

et al. 2009

NeuroImage

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It is well established that pacemaker neurons in the brainstem provide automatic control of breathing for metabolic homeostasis and survival. During waking spontaneous breathing, cognitive and emotional demands can modulate the intrinsic brainstem respiratory rhythm. However the neural circuitry mediating this modulation is unknown. Studies of supra-pontine influences on the control of breathing have implicated limbic/paralimbic-bulbar circuitry, but these studies have been limited to either invasive surgical electrophysiological methods or neuroimaging during substantial respiratory provocation. Here we probed the limbic/paralimbic-bulbar circuitry for respiratory related neural activity during unlabored spontaneous breathing at rest as well as during a challenging cognitive task (sustained random number generation). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with simultaneous physiological monitoring (heart rate, respiratory rate, tidal volume, end-tidal CO2) was acquired in 14 healthy subjects during each condition. The cognitive task produced expected increases in breathing rate, while end-tidal CO2 and heart rate did not significantly differ between conditions. The respiratory cycle served as the input function for breath-by-breath, event-related, voxel-wise, random-effects image analyses in SPM5. Main effects analyses (cognitive task + rest) demonstrated the first evidence of coordinated neural activity associated with spontaneous breathing within the medulla, pons, midbrain, amygdala, anterior cingulate and anterior insular cortices. Between-condition paired t-tests (cognitive task > rest) demonstrated modulation within this network localized to the dorsal anterior cingulate and pontine raphe magnus nucleus. We propose that the identified limbic/paralimbic-bulbar circuitry plays a significant role in cognitive and emotional modulation of spontaneous breathing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of spontaneous breathing via limbic/paralimbic–bulbar circuitry: An event-related fMRI study

Evans

Dougherty

Schmid³

et al. 2009

NeuroImage

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“…The role of the parabrachial complex in respiratory control is based on excitatory and inhibitory descending projections (Fig. 1), which target the entire respiratory column of the ponto-medullary brainstem and also the cranial and spinal respiratory motor neuron pools (Herbert et al, 1990;Gang et al, 1995;Song et al, 2006Song et al, , 2012Yokota et al, 2007Yokota et al, , 2008. The descending projections from the parabrachial complex in the rat arise almost exclusively from the Kölliker-Fuse area and lateral crescent nuclei, while the remaining parabrachial nuclei may influence respiration indirectly via their projections to the limbic forebrain and the hypothalamus.…”

Section: Contribution Of the Parabrachial Respiratory Regions To Statmentioning

confidence: 99%

The emerging role of the parabrachial complex in the generation of wakefulness drive and its implication for respiratory control

Martelli

Stanić

Dutschmann

2013

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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“…phragmatic activity via a nonserotonergic, GABAergic projection to the phrenic motor nucleus (6,9,32,85). Both serotonergic and nonserotonergic RM neurons project to the ventral respiratory group (18,20,43,70). RM's neuromodulation of central pattern generator neurons within the ventral respiratory group may play an important role in determining respiration rate (14).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…41). RM neurons project to respiratory control centers in the brain stem (18,20,43,70) and to the phrenic motor nucleus (6,9,32,85). Further, RM cells discharge in relation to respiration rate (26) and phase (44).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Opioid microinjection into raphe magnus modulates cardiorespiratory function in mice and rats

Hellman¹,

Mendelson

Mendez-Duarte³

et al. 2009

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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The raphe magnus (RM) participates in opioid analgesia and contains pain-modulatory neurons with respiration-related discharge. Here, we asked whether RM contributes to respiratory depression, the most prevalent lethal effect of opioids. To investigate whether opioidergic transmission in RM produces respiratory depression, we microinjected a mu-opioid receptor agonist, DAMGO, or morphine into the RM of awake rodents. In mice, opioid microinjection produced sustained decreases in respiratory rate (170 to 120 breaths/min), as well as heart rate (520 to 400 beats/min). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, indicative of enhanced parasympathetic activity, was prevalent in mice receiving DAMGO microinjection. We performed similar experiments in rats but observed no changes in breathing rate or heart rate. Both rats and mice experienced significantly more episodes of bradypnea, indicative of impaired respiratory drive, after opioid microinjection. During spontaneous arousals, rats showed less tachycardia after opioid microinjection than before microinjection, suggestive of an attenuated sympathetic tone. Thus, activation of opioidergic signaling within RM produces effects beyond analgesia, including the unwanted destabilization of cardiorespiratory function. These adverse effects on homeostasis consequent to opioid microinjection imply a role for RM in regulating the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic tone.

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Afferent projections to the Bötzinger complex from the upper cervical cord and other respiratory related structures in the brainstem in cats: retrograde WGA-HRP tracing

Cited by 36 publications

References 16 publications

Modulation of spontaneous breathing via limbic/paralimbic–bulbar circuitry: An event-related fMRI study

Modulation of spontaneous breathing via limbic/paralimbic–bulbar circuitry: An event-related fMRI study

The emerging role of the parabrachial complex in the generation of wakefulness drive and its implication for respiratory control

Opioid microinjection into raphe magnus modulates cardiorespiratory function in mice and rats

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