Affordable Monsoon Rain Mitigation Measures in the World Heritage Site of Moenjodaro, Pakistan

Fodde, Enrico; Khan, Mohammad Qasim

doi:10.1080/15583058.2013.771293

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Therefore, this suggests that if the surface of a wall at Suoyang is primed with a small fissure, weakness or pre-existing channel, incipient gullies could form after a single high intensity rainfall event, highlighting the high erosivity of rain on earthen heritage that has previously been acknowledged [e.g. [14][15][16].…”

Section: Table 2 the Maximum Depth And Spatial Extent Of Erosion Aftementioning

confidence: 88%

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A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

et al. 2019

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Earthen heritage constitutes 10% of sites on the World Heritage List and many of these sites are experiencing extensive deterioration caused by environmental forces, such as wind and rain. This study used a well-established test wall to investigate the impact of environmental conditions on the deterioration of earthen heritage at the remote and under-studied site of Suoyang Ancient City, Gansu Province, China, which is exhibiting widespread deterioration. Test walls have previously been used in earthen heritage research as they allow controlled experiments to be undertaken on complex, realistic structures without risking damage or loss of value to the historic material. This study used portable wind and rain erosion simulation devices to investigate experimentally (i) the comparative effect of wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain in causing deterioration to earthen heritage and (ii) how the incipient deterioration features produced by wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain on the test wall relate to the deterioration features recorded on the historic city walls. The test wall was subjected to low, medium and high intensities of clean wind, sediment-laden wind and wind-driven rain. The extent of deterioration produced was measured using repeat, high resolution laser scans before and after each test run. The deterioration features caused by each environmental force were notably different with clean wind removing the loose surface material, sedimentladen wind causing pitting and wind-driven rain causing incipient gullying. These incipient features compare well with more developed features seen on the historic walls. Wind-driven rain caused the greatest amount of deterioration while clean wind caused the least. However, as the frequency and duration of wind events at Suoyang is much greater than those of rain events, wind is likely to play an important role in the deterioration of earthen heritage over annual timescales. These findings show that conservation strategies at rammed earth sites like Suoyang need to address the impact of multiple environmental forces, such as clean wind, sediment laden wind and wind-driven rain.

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Section: Table 2 the Maximum Depth And Spatial Extent Of Erosion Aftementioning

confidence: 88%

“…Previous studies have highlighted the importance of rain, wind and sediment-laden wind as drivers of earthen heritage deterioration, with rain noted as causing the greatest rate of deterioration over short periods of time [6,[14][15][16]. Commonly a combination of processes cause deterioration [6,17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

et al. 2019

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“…Also, conservation measures require re-evaluation due to climate change. For example, in Mohenjo-Daro, due to recent rains, previous interventions on water disposal systems were ineffective and accelerated the structural erosion process (Fodde, Khan, 2017). In the ziggurat of Tchogha Zanbil, despite the conservation and restoration activities carried out in recent years, the damage caused by surface waters is significant because of the destruction of its upper part, decay of original materials, changes in topography and steep slopes, disruption in drainage system, severe water flow, and natural activities by organisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water-Risk Management in Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site in Iran, With a Focus on the Ancient Management System

Nakhaei¹,

Correia

2020

Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci.

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Abstract. Water-risk management is one of the most challenging issues in the conservation of earthen sites, because of the inherent weakness of earth to moisture, and also the severe damage after rainfall as a result of a combination of many factors in the deterioration processes. In Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site (WHS) in Iran, this problem causes more damage due to the heavy rains that impact the site in a short period of time. The property encompasses a vast area, which makes regular maintenance more difficult. Also, there are insufficient strategies for controlling water runoff on the structures. Archaeological studies have revealed an ancient system for managing surface water at this site which could be compatible and adaptable for further development of the current management system. This study aims to present sustainable approaches in managing water-risk in the Tchogha Zanbil WHS, by identifying the authenticity values, investigating the problems and challenges in the current water-management system, and more importantly, assessing ancient strategies for controlling water, based on archaeological evidence.

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“…adding drainage systems such as surface drains [25], drainage slopes [26,27], drainage pipes [28,29] and damp proof coursing [30] to promote the movement of water away from the site.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[36] (pp. [28][29][30][31][32]. Despite the different names attributed to value types, there is some overlap between meanings in the two policies ( Figure 4).…”

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confidence: 99%

Finding Common Ground between United Kingdom Based and Chinese Approaches to Earthen Heritage Conservation

et al. 2018

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Earthen heritage is one of the oldest and universal forms of heritage but its conservation poses many challenges. Establishing international collaborations could provide an efficient, sustainable mechanism to increase knowledge exchange, aiding the development of earthen heritage conservation strategies around the world. However, perceived differences in how Eastern and Western countries value earthen heritage and develop conservation strategies can pose challenges for establishing collaborations. To understand these perceived differences and whether they hinder collaborations, this paper compares British and Chinese heritage conservation policy and practice and then reports the results from an innovative workshop examining the approaches of 13 Chinese and 13 UK based heritage experts and researchers towards earthen heritage conservation. Workshop participants undertook bilingual discussions and completed a co-created questionnaire available in English and Mandarin. Both groups identified historic value as the most important value and maintenance of authenticity and integrity, need for scientific research and site scale conservation as vital considerations for conservation strategies. This study found that to understand the potential for collaboration, individual perspectives need consideration as well as policies and practices. This innovative bilingual, discussion-based approach has potential to aid collaborations for diverse international issues from wildlife conservation to cross-boundary pollution and climate change.

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Affordable Monsoon Rain Mitigation Measures in the World Heritage Site of Moenjodaro, Pakistan

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

A controlled field experiment to investigate the deterioration of earthen heritage by wind and rain

Water-Risk Management in Tchogha Zanbil World Heritage Site in Iran, With a Focus on the Ancient Management System

Finding Common Ground between United Kingdom Based and Chinese Approaches to Earthen Heritage Conservation

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