“…Over the past several decades, the use of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 , titania) has been increasing significantly due to its advantages and capabilities for various applications, including the antibacterial disinfection of surfaces, self-cleaning and self-sterilization, site remediation, domestic and industrial wastewater treatments [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. In addition, TiO 2 is highly chemically-stable and human-friendly [ 4 , 5 ], therefore, it can also be used for biomaterials, biomedical devices and food applications [ 6 , 7 ]. It must be noted that TiO 2 nanoparticles are considered safe: they are used as food additives and for surface coating materials [ 8 , 9 ].…”