Agdc1p – a Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Involved in the Degradation of Tannic Acid in the Yeast Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans

Meier, Anna K.; Worch, Sebastian; Böer, Erik; Hartmann, Anja; Mascher, Martin; Marzec, Marek; Scholz, Uwe; Riechen, Jan; Baronian, Kim; Schauer, Frieder; Bode, R.; Kunze, Gotthard

doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01777

Cited by 32 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…Usually, gallic acid decarboxylase plays a very important role in the metabolism of tannins and phenol derivatives. However, a recent research exhibited that the deletion of gene AGDC1 from A. adeninivorans also contributed to cells death or growth inhibition when gallic acid was present in culture medium under this culture condition [14]. Similar to a previous report, a growth inhibition phenomenon was noticed in the mutant Δgad utilizing the tannic acid as the sole carbon source; how the gene gad imposed an adverse impact on the yeast growth remains unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…One tannase unit was defined as the enzyme amount needed to release 1 µmol of gallic acid per min. Gallic acid decarboxylase was detected as Meier described [14]. Three independent assays were carried out and the average values were calculated.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pyruvate is finally metabolized through tricarboxylic acid cycle [13]. However, compared to bacteria and fungi, only a few genera in yeast, like Arxula adeninivorans , Candida utilis , Debaryomyces hansenii , and Mycotorula japonica , were observed to degrade the tannins, and little is known about their tannin-degrading pathways [12,14,15,16]. To the best of our knowledge, A. melanogenum T9 was the first strain to be identified as capable of tannin degrading in the Aureobasidium genus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenol derivate pyrogallol also has several important industrial applications, for example, in staining of leathers, developing agent in photography, coloring of hair, and cosmetic products [19,20]. Recently, the function of gene AGDC1 coding gallic acid decarboxylase was studied in order to elucidate its role in tannic acid degradation [14]. Interestingly, gene AGDC1 deletion leads to growth inhibition of A. adeninivorans when gallic acid is present in culture medium.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Approaches to Reveal Genes Crucial for Tannin Degradation in Aureobasidium melanogenum T9

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2019

Biomolecules

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Tannins biodegradation by a microorganism is one of the most efficient ways to produce bioproducts of high value. However, the mechanism of tannins biodegradation by yeast has been little explored. In this study, Aureobasidium melanogenum T9 isolated from red wine starter showed the ability for tannins degradation and had its highest biomass when the initial tannic acid concentration was 20 g/L. Furthermore, the genes involved in the tannin degradation process were analyzed. Genes tan A, tan B and tan C encoding three different tannases respectively were identified in the A. melanogenum T9. Among these genes, tan A and tan B can be induced by tannin acid simultaneously at both gene transcription and protein expression levels. Our assay result showed that the deletion of tanA and tanB resulted in tannase activity decline with 51.3 ± 4.1 and 64.1 ± 1.9 U/mL, respectively, which is much lower than that of A. melanogenum T9 with 91.3 ± 5.8 U/mL. In addition, another gene coding gallic acid decarboxylase (gad) was knocked out to better clarify its function. Mutant Δgad completely lost gallic acid decarboxylase activity and no pyrogallic acid was seen during the entire cultivation process, confirming that there was a sole gene encoding decarboxylase in the A. melanogenum T9. These results demonstrated that tanA, tanB and gad were crucial for tannin degradation and provided new insights for the mechanism of tannins biodegradation by yeast. This finding showed that A. melanogenum has potential in the production of tannase and metabolites, such as gall acid and pyrogallol.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integrated Approaches to Reveal Genes Crucial for Tannin Degradation in Aureobasidium melanogenum T9

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2019

Biomolecules

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“…3 ). Importantly, the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids was previously shown to be upregulated under conditions where 2-hydroxymuconate was produced ( 33 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twists and Turns in the Salicylate Catabolism of Aspergillus terreus , Revealing New Roles of the 3-Hydroxyanthranilate Pathway

Martins

Guedes

et al. 2021

mSystems

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In fungi, salicylate catabolism was believed to proceed only through the catechol branch of the 3-oxoadipate pathway, as shown, e.g., in Aspergillus nidulans. However, the observation of a transient accumulation of gentisate upon the cultivation of Aspergillus terreus in salicylate medium questions this concept. To address this, we have run a comparative analysis of the transcriptome of these two species after growth in salicylate using acetate as a control condition. The results revealed the high complexity of the salicylate metabolism in A. terreus with the concomitant positive regulation of several pathways for the catabolism of aromatic compounds. This included the unexpected joint action of two pathways—3-hydroxyanthranilate and nicotinate—possibly crucial for the catabolism of aromatics in this fungus. Importantly, the 3-hydroxyanthranilate catabolic pathway in fungi is described here for the first time, whereas new genes participating in the nicotinate metabolism are also proposed. The transcriptome analysis showed also for the two species an intimate relationship between salicylate catabolism and secondary metabolism. This study emphasizes that the central pathways for the catabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons in fungi hold many mysteries yet to be discovered. IMPORTANCE Aspergilli are versatile cell factories used in industry for the production of organic acids, enzymes, and pharmaceutical drugs. To date, bio-based production of organic acids relies on food substrates. These processes are currently being challenged to switch to renewable nonfood raw materials—a reality that should inspire the use of lignin-derived aromatic monomers. In this context, aspergilli emerge at the forefront of future bio-based approaches due to their industrial relevance and recognized prolific catabolism of aromatic compounds. Notwithstanding considerable advances in the field, there are still important knowledge gaps in the central catabolism of aromatic hydrocarbons in fungi. Here, we disclose a novel central pathway, 3-hydroxyanthranilate, defying previously established ideas on the central metabolism of the aromatic amino acid tryptophan in Ascomycota. We also observe that the catabolism of the aromatic salicylate greatly activated the secondary metabolism, furthering the significance of using lignin-derived aromatic hydrocarbons as a distinctive biomass source.

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Non‐Oxidative Enzymatic (De)Carboxylation of (Hetero)Aromatics and Acrylic Acid Derivatives

2019

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The utilization of carbon dioxide as a C 1 ‐building block for the production of valuable chemicals has recently attracted much interest. Whereas chemical CO 2 fixation is dominated by C−O and C−N bond forming reactions, the development of novel concepts for the carboxylation of C‐nucleophiles, which leads to the formation of carboxylic acids, is highly desired. Beside transition metal catalysis, biocatalysis has emerged as an attractive method for the highly regioselective (de)carboxylation of electron‐rich (hetero)aromatics, which has been recently further expanded to include conjugated α,β‐unsaturated (acrylic) acid derivatives. Depending on the type of substrate, different classes of enzymes have been explored for (i) the ortho ‐carboxylation of phenols catalyzed by metal‐dependent ortho ‐benzoic acid decarboxylases and (ii) the side‐chain carboxylation of para ‐hydroxystyrenes mediated by metal‐independent phenolic acid decarboxylases. Just recently, the portfolio of bio‐carboxylation reactions was complemented by (iii) the para ‐carboxylation of phenols and the decarboxylation of electron‐rich heterocyclic and acrylic acid derivatives mediated by prenylated FMN‐dependent decarboxylases, which is the main focus of this review. Bio(de)carboxylation processes proceed under physiological reaction conditions employing bicarbonate or (pressurized) CO 2 when running in the energetically uphill carboxylation direction. Aiming to facilitate the application of these enzymes in preparative‐scale biotransformations, their catalytic mechanism and substrate scope are analyzed in this review.

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Agdc1p – a Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Involved in the Degradation of Tannic Acid in the Yeast Blastobotrys (Arxula) adeninivorans

Cited by 32 publications

References 58 publications

Integrated Approaches to Reveal Genes Crucial for Tannin Degradation in Aureobasidium melanogenum T9

Integrated Approaches to Reveal Genes Crucial for Tannin Degradation in Aureobasidium melanogenum T9

Twists and Turns in the Salicylate Catabolism of Aspergillus terreus , Revealing New Roles of the 3-Hydroxyanthranilate Pathway

Non‐Oxidative Enzymatic (De)Carboxylation of (Hetero)Aromatics and Acrylic Acid Derivatives

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