Age‐ and gender‐related changes in body size, adiposity, and endocrine and metabolic parameters in free‐ranging rhesus macaques

Schwartz, Susan M.; Kemnitz, Joseph W.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330890110

Cited by 123 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The underlying reason for the increased IL-1ra levels observed after LPS in the cycling female rats in our study remains undetermined; however, one possibility is that this could be linked to the higher amounts of white adipose tissue found in females, particularly during pregnancy (6,39,62,66). Recently, this tissue was shown to be a target of inflammatory stimuli, such as LPS, and an important source of IL-1ra (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a modulator of gender differences in the febrile response to lipopolysaccharide in rats

Ashdown¹,

Poole²,

Boksa³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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Ashdown H, Poole S, Boksa P, Luheshi GN. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a modulator of gender differences in the febrile response to lipopolysaccharide in rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 292: R1667-R1674, 2007. First published November 30, 2006; doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00274.2006.-Febrile responses to bacterial pathogens are attenuated near term of pregnancy in several mammalian species. It is unknown, however, whether this reflects a fundamental physiological adaptation of female rats or whether it is specific to pregnancy. The aims of this study therefore were 1) to determine whether febrile responses to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are attenuated in female vs. male rats and, if so, to identify possible mechanisms involved in modulating this and 2) to assess whether plasma concentrations of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), an important regulator of fever, are dependent on the physiological state of the female and could therefore be involved in modulating febrile responses. We found febrile responses were attenuated in cycling female vs. male rats and also in near-term pregnant dams vs. cycling females after intraperitoneal injection of LPS (0.05 mg/kg). Plasma levels of IL-1ra were significantly greater in female rats after injection of LPS, particularly during pregnancy, than in males. This was accompanied by attenuated levels of hypothalamic IL-1␤ and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA, two key mediators of the febrile response, in female rats. Furthermore, increasing plasma levels of IL-1ra in male rats by intraperitoneal administration of the recombinant antagonist attenuated hypothalamic mRNA levels of these mediators after LPS. These data suggest that there is a fundamental difference in febrile response to LPS between the genders that is likely regulated by IL-1ra. This may be an important mechanism that protects the developing fetus from potentially deleterious consequences of maternal fever during pregnancy.fever; pregnancy; cyclooxygenase-2; interleukin-1␤; cytokines FEVER IS A COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGICAL response mounted by the host to facilitate the resolution of infection after exposure to invading viral or bacterial pathogens. This central nervous systemorchestrated response involves the production and action of prostaglandins (PGE 2 ) on hypothalamic thermosensitive neurons, a process that is initiated through the action of systemic pyrogenic mediators of the cytokine family (16, 59). These key inflammatory proteins are readily induced after exposure to exogenous pyrogens, such as the bacterial product lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and increase in the periphery to reflect the rise in body temperature (16, 51). The proinflammatory cytokine IL-1␤ is a major peripheral mediator of LPS-induced fever, which is known to trigger increases in body temperature via cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent production of PGE 2 in the brain (35). Studies in experimental animals have demonstrated that recombinant IL-1␤, administered either systemically or dir...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a modulator of gender differences in the febrile response to lipopolysaccharide in rats

Ashdown¹,

Poole²,

Boksa³

et al. 2007

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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“…Male rhesus macaques reach sexual maturity between 2.5 years and 4.5 years, and the adolescent growth spurt is complete by -6 years (40). Average adult males range in body weight from 9 kg to 13 kg (8,12).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Obese monkeys are also presumably at greater risk for hypertension and cardiovascular disease (2,3). To this end, various techniques have been used to assess BF in nonhuman primates (5)(6)(7)(8)(9). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the precision and usefulness of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) assessments of body fat, compared with commonly used somatometric techniques.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditional methods (e.g., body weight, skinfold thickness), often used to assess body composition in nonhuman primates (4,(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), have inherent shortcomings due in part to assumptions and measurement errors inherent to them. These somatometric measurement errors have been examined for over a decade (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparison of Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry and Somatometrics for Determining Body Fat in Rhesus Macaques

et al. 1999

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COLMAN, RICKI J., JOHN C. HUDSON, HOWARD S. BARDEN, AND JOSEPH W. KEMNITZ. A comparison of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and somatometries for determining body fat in rhesus macaques. Obes Res. 1999; 7:90-96. Objective: Various approaches have been used to assess fat and fat distribution in nonhuman primates, including measurements of body weight, body dimensions, and estimates derived from these, such as body mass index. Methods such as tritiated water dilution and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) have also been used. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare DXA measurements and somatometries. Research Methods and Procedures: Body composition of 15 adult male rhesus macaques was measured by DXA and somatometries at four time-points over a 4-year period. Additionally, DXA precision and somatometric variability were analyzed by repeated measurements of the same subjects. Results: DXA estimates of body fat were positively correlated with body weight, body mass index, body circumferences, and abdominal skinfold thicknesses. DXA assessments of soft tissue composition were precise, with coefficients of variation below 3.3% for all compartments analyzed. The majority of the observed variability in somatometries was explained by subject variance, rather than by inter-or intraobserver variability, or by observer experience level.

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“…NHPs frequently develop spontaneous obesity, metabolic syndrome, and T2DM (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) with characteristics that are extraordinarily like those of humans (25). The present colony of rhesus monkeys has been studied longitudinally for many years under constant dietary, activity, and environmental conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes

Hansen

Newcomb

Ren

et al. 2013

Obesity

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Objective: The aim of this study was to test the obesity-type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) link in the context of longitudinal changes in body weight during the progression to diabetes in mature adult nonhuman primates (NHP). Design and Methods: A colony of 245 adult rhesus monkeys aged 8-41 years with 179 males were used to define overweight in males as a body weight: !13.5 kg or body fat (BF) !18% and obesity as !16.5 kg or BF !27%, and overweight in nonpregnant females was identified as a body weight >8.5 kg or BF >21% and obesity as !10.5 kg or BF !30%. A subgroup of 48 males (24 T2DM and 24 age-matched non-T2DM) males were studied before and following the onset of overt T2DM for the effects of changes in body weight and obesity in inducing this conversion to overt T2DM. Results: Three years before overt T2DM, mean body weight was 18.4 6 3.3 kg. The DM-destined group body weight was 3.2 6 1.1 kg greater and had a longer duration and greater severity of obesity, with peak body weight reached at 3.2 6 1.8 years before overt T2DM. At DM onset the two groups did not differ significantly in body weight or adiposity. Conclusions: The natural progression from pre-DM to overt T2DM is caused neither by the amount of excess body weight at DM onset nor by the proximate increases in body weight/adiposity during the pre-DM period of impaired glucose tolerance. Obesity was, however, essential preceding all NHP cases that developed T2DM.

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Age‐ and gender‐related changes in body size, adiposity, and endocrine and metabolic parameters in free‐ranging rhesus macaques

Cited by 123 publications

References 60 publications

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a modulator of gender differences in the febrile response to lipopolysaccharide in rats

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist as a modulator of gender differences in the febrile response to lipopolysaccharide in rats

A Comparison of Dual‐Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry and Somatometrics for Determining Body Fat in Rhesus Macaques

Longitudinal dynamics of body weight change in the development of type 2 diabetes

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