Age- and Gender-Specific Changes in Thyroid Size and Thyroid Function Test Values of Euthyroid Subjects

Lamichhane, Tika Ram; Pant, Sandeep Prashad; Lamichhane, Binod; Gautam, Chhabindra; Sharma, Pallavi; Yadav, Binod Kumar; Lamichhane, Hari Prasad

doi:10.4236/jbm.2018.611007

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…At the age when risk of female thyroid cancer begins to increase, i.e. 15 years (33), thyroid volume is larger in females than males (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Carcinogenesis: The Role of Age and Gender

Dix

2019

Anticancer Res

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Background/Aim: To identify the reason for age and gender differences in cancer risk. Patients and Methods: Age-standardized incidence rates for 17 cancer types were compared between genders in 50 populations. For each cancer type, the female/male rate ratio was listed in fixed order of population. Correlation coefficients were calculated between these lists in all pairwise combinations. For each population, the female/male rate ratio was listed in fixed order of cancer. Correlation coefficients were calculated between lists in all pairwise combinations. Results: Only four pairwise combinations for cancer type gave a correlation coefficient greater than 0.700. For each population, the lowest correlation coefficient was 0.950. Conclusion: The reason for the differences in risk of cancer varies with each type of cancer, but remains fixed in all populations. It is suspected that species-specific genes control stem cell telomere dynamics in a fixed strategy at rates that vary among tissues and between genders. Materials and MethodsAge-standardized (according to the world standard) cancer incidence rates (ASRs: new cases/100,000 people/year) were obtained from a reliable source for cancer diagnosed between 2008 and 2012 (17). Data were analyzed only from registries without unusual caveats and reporting more than 100 cases of a given cancer. The following 50 populations fulfilled these criteria for most cancer types: Australia,

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“…At the age when risk of female thyroid cancer begins to increase, i.e. 15 years (33), thyroid volume is larger in females than males (34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Carcinogenesis: The Role of Age and Gender

Dix

2019

Anticancer Res

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“…Higher incidences of thyroid disorders are observed in people exceeding 40yrs of age 13 . The variations in thyroid hormone levels have also been observed in different genders 14 . Asian women are involved in many activities and they have more domestic responsibilities, therefore malnutrition among poor and illiterate women and in their children are more prevalent.…”

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confidence: 91%

Age, Gender, and Seasonal Effects on Thyroid Profile in Adults with Normal Thyroid Functions

Ahmad

Rashid

Hassan

et al. 2021

RADS J. Biol. Res. Appl. Sci

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Background: Thyroid hormone variations have been observed according to age and sex. Seasonal effects also induce variations in thyroid function even in people with normal thyroid levels. The majority of clinical laboratories follow a single reference range without the consideration of age, gender, and especially seasonal variations in thyroid function tests. Objectives: To evaluate age, gender, and seasonal variations in thyroid function tests in adults with normal thyroid functions. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out at Pathology Department, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur. One year data from Jan 2018 to Jan 2019 of thyroid function tests (TSH, T3 and T4) and demographic details were obtained for all those patients whose Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) was in normal reference range (0.5-4.5mU/L). We found the data of 418 subjects from 16 to 75 years of age, among them 196 were females and 222 were males. Results: Serum TSH levels were higher in females (2.11mU/L ±1.54) than serum TSH levels of males (1.59mU/L ±1.2) with a p-value of 0.0002. FT4 levels (normal range: 0.89-1.76ng/dL) were significantly lower (p-value 0.0018) in females (1.33ng/dL ±0.50) as compared to males (1.48ng/dL ±0.48). In <20 years of the age group of both genders, serum TSH was at lowest levels, while highest in 20-40 years of the age group of males and >60 years of females. The mean TSH of all subjects was high (2.98mU/L) in winters and it was low (2.4mU/L) in autumn. FT4 was at the lowest level (1.16ng/dL) in winters and it was highest (1.46ng/dL) in summers. FT3 levels in the winter season were higher than in other seasons. Conclusion: Age, gender, and season affects the thyroid hormones levels, and these factors should be considered while interpreting the lab results of thyroid function tests.

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“…The reference levels of serum free thyroid hormones (FT3, FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) vary between different laboratories which make remarkable changes in judging thyroid status of the patients. [1][2][3][4][5] The analysis of thyroid function tests (TFTs) results the complex correlations among the covariates: FT3, FT4 and TSH under the influence of many physiological factors. The hormone relationship is modulated by thyroid and non-thyroid illness, medication, bodymass index, age, gender and antibody status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thyroid Hormones-Thyrotropin Interrelationships in Thyroid Dysfunction States

Lamichhane

Pant

Lamichhane

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Objective of this research is to explore the complex correlations among FT3, FT4 and TSH in thyroid dysfunction states. A total of 3425 outpatients were included to analyze their thyroid function tests measured at the university teaching hospital. The subjects under study were categorized as euthyroid (70.45%), subclinical hypothyroid (18.95%), overt hypothyroid (3.30%), subclinical hyperthyroid (5.11%) and overt hyperthyroid (2.19%) patients. The linear and non-linear relations among FT3, FT4 and TSH were modeled statistically to understand their role in thyroid functions. The prevalence of hypothyroidism is higher than hyperthyroidism in which females are more vulnerable than males. The correlation between FT3 and FT4 increases from euthyroidism (r = 0.1, P <0.001) to overt thyroid dysfunctions (r = 0.91, P <0.001). The non-linear complex correlations between FT4 and TSH are significantly explained by well fitted sigmoid curves of four-parameter logistic (4PL) model (R2 = 0.97 and P <0.001) in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism interfaced with euthyroidism. The 4PL curves are response trajectories of pituitary TSH which exhibit the turning points of thyroid dysfunction states by the deviation in serum FT4. The negative slopes and correlations observed in the linear fits in TSH vs FT3 or FT4 are the indicators of negative feedback mechanism in the thyroid cycle.

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Age- and Gender-Specific Changes in Thyroid Size and Thyroid Function Test Values of Euthyroid Subjects

Cited by 5 publications

References 31 publications

Human Carcinogenesis: The Role of Age and Gender

Human Carcinogenesis: The Role of Age and Gender

Age, Gender, and Seasonal Effects on Thyroid Profile in Adults with Normal Thyroid Functions

Thyroid Hormones-Thyrotropin Interrelationships in Thyroid Dysfunction States

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