Age‐stratified and gender‐specific reference intervals of six tumor markers panel of lung cancer: A geographic‐based multicenter study in China

Abstract

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Association between serum carcinoembryonic antigen and cardiometabolic risks: Implication for cardiometabolic prevention

“…In addition, almost all cardiometabolic risk factors were significantly associated with high serum CEA levels. Similar to previous studies, CEA levels did not only increase in CRC but were also higher in some chronic diseases, especially CVDs, MetS, and diabetes (17,19,22). This finding implies that clinicians can use serum CEA as a useful biomarker for the early detection of cardiometabolic risks and unhealthy lifestyles rather than solely as a tumor marker for CRC.…”

“…Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA, ng/mL) was measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) on Roche Cobas e801 analyzer. Instead of using reference intervals published in manufacturers' package inserts, we used CEA ≥ 3.0 ng/mL as the cut-off value for the high serum level group based on previous studies, considering age, sex, and smoking habits (18,22,26).…”

“…The commonly used clinical threshold value for tumor detection is serum CEA ≥ 5 (ng/mL) (19, 26, 27). However, based on previous studies [18,22] and considering smoking, age, and sex, we used CEA ≥ 3 (ng/mL) as a cut-off value and used this model to distinguish high serum CEA levels based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Considering that nearly one-third of the total death rate is caused by CMDs, the increase was higher than ever of cancer in Taiwan (13,14).…”

“…CEA is a malignant transformation and chronic inflammation marker and was first identified as a colon cancer antigen; it was previously used as a prognostic marker in CRC and monitoring response to therapy (20,21). Previous studies showed increased serum CEA levels in CRC and chronic diseases, such as hyperglycemia, CVDs, and type 2 diabetes (17,19,22). European cardiologists recently reported that CEA was associated with the severity of heart failure outcomes, including cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (3,18,23).…”

Detection of Changes in CEA and ProGRP Levels in BALF of Patients with Peripheral Lung Cancer and the Relationship with CT Signs

“…The specific reasons are as follows: ProGrp is a gastrointestinal hormone commonly found in various neuroendocrine-derived tumours, and clinical studies have found that it has high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of small-cell lung cancer and can be used as a marker for small-cell lung cancer, which helps in the diagnosis and clinical treatment of small-cell lung cancer disease [ 12 ].CEA is an acidic glycoprotein in intestinal cancer, mainly in the embryonic stage by the small intestine and the liver. It is a broad-spectrum tumour marker and its level increases dramatically after the development of many tumours [ 13 ].CA211 is mainly found in the cytoplasm of tumour cells and can be released into the blood when tumour cells are necrotic or lysed, which is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of squamous carcinoma [ 14 ].NSE is an acidic protease that is found in neural tissue and the neuroendocrine system and mainly acts in the glycolytic pathway [ 15 ]. It was found that small-cell lung cancer can secrete NSE and release it into the blood, resulting in elevated levels, so monitoring SE is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of small-cell lung cancer, but the presence of NSE in red blood cells can lead to falsely elevated results [ 16 ].…”