“…However, prior literature analyzing the relationship between wage dispersion and football club performance overlooked the intra-league heterogeneity in their analysis. Some football leagues have been examined, such as the German (Franck & Nüesch, 2011), Italian (Bucciol et al, 2014; Caruso et al, 2017), Japanese (Yamamura, 2015), and North-American (Bykova & Coates, 2020; Coates et al, 2014), but the heterogeneity has not been addressed. In this sense, the previous findings could be somehow biased by certain clubs in their sample which may drive most of the variation.…”