Agriculture in South Asia and its implications on downstream health and sustainability: A review

Atapattu, Sithara S.; Kodituwakku, Dekshika Charmini

doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2008.09.028

Cited by 71 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…It is likely that the desert and mountainous regions between Pakistan and its western (Iran and Afghanistan) and northern (China) neighbours provide a barrier for further dissemination, at least so far; begomoviruses are exclusively vector transmitted and the vector, B. tabaci, does not survive well in either dry or high altitude (with cold nights and winters) regions. Intensive agriculture is a relatively new phenomenon in southern Asia (within the last 50 years) in response to population increases (Atapattu & Kodituwakku, 2009). Problems associated with LYMVs are thus a relatively recent phenomenon; certainly MYMV was first reported as recently as 1993 (Morinaga et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and phylogeography of begomoviruses infecting legumes in Pakistan

Ilyas

Qazi

Mansoor

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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Grain legumes are an important source of dietary protein across southern Asia, but they suffer extensive losses due to several viruses that are members of the genus Begomovirus (family Geminiviridae), which are collectively known as legume yellow mosaic viruses (LYMVs). Despite their economic importance, little attention has been paid to LYMVs in Pakistan and only partial sequences of virus isolates originating from this country are available in the databases. Here, a survey of LYMVs occurring across Pakistan is described. Complete sequences of 44 components (23 DNA-A, 19 DNA-B and 2 betasatellites) were determined. The results show that only the mungbean yellow mosaic India virus (MYMIV) is of agricultural significance in Pakistan having been isolated from all cultivated grain legumes examined. Mungbean yellow mosaic virus, a significant crop pathogen in India, was only identified in a weed, which together with a novel species of LYMV we reported earlier, represents the first LYMV identified in non-cultivated plants. MYMIV was shown to occur as two types in Pakistan that show phylogeographical segregation. Additionally, two begomovirus species not considered pathogens of legumes and a betasatellite were isolated. This is of grave concern since it suggests that the presumed genetic isolation of the LYMVs in legumes may be being breached. LYMVs show little, if any, evidence of interspecific recombination with non-legume infecting begomoviruses. Thus, either recombination with non-legume viruses or interaction with betasatellites, which are host range and pathogenicity determining satellites of begomoviruses, could lead to the appearance of more aggressive virus variants/strains affecting legumes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity and phylogeography of begomoviruses infecting legumes in Pakistan

Ilyas

Qazi

Mansoor

et al. 2010

Journal of General Virology

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“…Downstream areas are often adversely affected because of adhoc agricultural development activities upstream. Among the most important adverse impacts are river desiccation, ground water depletion, surface and ground water pollution, accelerated erosion, sedimentation, salinization, and nutrient depletion [57]. These problems are especially severe in densely populated regions (e.g., East Asia, South Asia).…”

Section: Soil Quality and Water Resourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation

2015

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Abstract:Feeding the world population, 7.3 billion in 2015 and projected to increase to 9.5 billion by 2050, necessitates an increase in agricultural production of ~70% between 2005 and 2050. Soil degradation, characterized by decline in quality and decrease in ecosystem goods and services, is a major constraint to achieving the required increase in agricultural production. Soil is a non-renewable resource on human time scales with its vulnerability to degradation depending on complex interactions between processes, factors and causes occurring at a range of spatial and temporal scales. Among the major soil degradation processes are accelerated erosion, depletion of the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and loss in biodiversity, loss of soil fertility and elemental imbalance, acidification and salinization. Soil degradation trends can be reversed by conversion to a restorative land use and adoption of recommended management practices. The strategy is to minimize soil erosion, create positive SOC and N budgets, enhance activity and species diversity of soil biota (micro, meso, and macro), and improve structural stability and pore geometry. Improving soil quality (i.e., increasing SOC pool, improving soil structure, enhancing soil fertility) can reduce risks of soil degradation (physical, chemical, biological and ecological) while improving the environment. Increasing the SOC pool to above the critical level (10 to 15 g/kg) is essential to set-in-motion the restorative trends. Site-specific techniques of restoring soil quality include conservation agriculture, integrated nutrient management, continuous vegetative cover such as residue mulch and cover cropping, and controlled grazing at appropriate stocking rates. The strategy is to produce "more from less" by reducing losses and increasing soil, water, and nutrient use efficiency.

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“…This water would otherwise be available as blue water services to potential downstream beneficiaries in the region in which crops are grown. Despite the clear evidence of the provisioning service provided by crop AET, there are few studies that compare the benefits of crop production with the resulting losses to water services and their opportunity costs in downstream basins (see, Atapattu and Kodituwakku, 2009;Gordon et al, 2010).…”

Section: Hydrological Services Supporting Cropsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling crop evapotranspiration and potential impacts on future water availability in the Indo-Gangetic Basin

Pandeya

Mulligan

2013

Agricultural Water Management

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Agriculture in South Asia and its implications on downstream health and sustainability: A review

Cited by 71 publications

References 22 publications

Genetic diversity and phylogeography of begomoviruses infecting legumes in Pakistan

Genetic diversity and phylogeography of begomoviruses infecting legumes in Pakistan

Restoring Soil Quality to Mitigate Soil Degradation

Modelling crop evapotranspiration and potential impacts on future water availability in the Indo-Gangetic Basin

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