AIDS: “It’s the bacteria, stupid!”

Broxmeyer, Lawrence; Cantwell, Alan R.

doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.06.012

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The increased risk of dying in PLWH with TB disease may, instead of dying from TB, be due to HIV-related conditions [38], [40]. The development of incident TB is indicative of a poor immune recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of incident TB is indicative of a poor immune recovery. The poor prognosis following a diagnosis of TB suggests that TB in PLWH could be considered as a proxy for severe immunosuppression, with associated poor survival [40] which may be the consequence of an increased risk of dying from HIV-related conditions [38]. In five studies assessing cause of mortality and including PLWH initiating TB treatment, the percentage of HIV positive TB patients dying during TB treatment from TB varied from 16% to 46% of the total HIV positive deaths during TB treatment [41]–[45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effect of Tuberculosis on Mortality in HIV Positive People: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2010

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BackgroundTuberculosis is a leading cause of death in people living with HIV (PLWH). We conducted a meta analysis to assess the effect of tuberculosis on mortality in people living with HIV.MethodsMeta-analysis of cohort studies assessing the effect of tuberculosis on mortality in PLWH. To identify eligible studies we systematically searched electronic databases (until December 2008), performed manual searches of citations from relevant articles, and reviewed conference proceedings. Multivariate hazard ratios (HR) of mortality in PLWH with and without tuberculosis, estimated in individual cohort studies, were pooled using random effect weighting according to “Der Simonian Laird method” if the p-value of the heterogeneity test was <0.05.ResultsFifteen cohort studies were systematically retrieved. Pooled overall analysis of these 15 studies estimating the effect of tuberculosis on mortality in PLWH showed a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 1.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4–2.3). Subanalysis of 8 studies in which the cohort was not exposed to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) showed an HR of 2.6 (95% CI: 1.8–3.6). Subanalysis of 6 studies showed that tuberculosis did not show an effect on mortality in PLWH exposed to HAART: HR 1.1 (95% CI: 0.9–1.3).ConclusionThese results provide an indication of the magnitude of benefit to an individual that could have been expected if tuberculosis had been prevented. It emphasizes the need for additional studies assessing the effect of preventing tuberculosis or early diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in PLWH on reducing mortality. Furthermore, the results of the subgroup analyses in cohorts largely exposed to HAART provide additional support to WHO's revised guidelines, which include promoting the initiation of HAART for PLWH co-infected with tuberculosis. The causal effect of tuberculosis on mortality in PLWH exposed to HAART needs to be further evaluated once the results of more cohort studies become available.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Tuberculosis on Mortality in HIV Positive People: A Meta-Analysis

et al. 2010

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“…Cantwell pointed out that there was a very close link between bacteria and cancer as well as AIDS [25][26][27][28]. This interest in investigating bacteria and mycoplasma in this disease was also supported by Montagnier's finding, confirmed by Shyh-Ching Lo, that mycoplasma is a very important "co-factor" which accelerates the progression of HIV infection in AIDS patients [29,30]. There are new studies on the role of bacteria and of antibiotics in AIDS defining diseases [31].…”

Section: Some Groundbreaking Findings Made By Livingston Broxmeyer Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Fundamental Role of Bacteria and Yeasts in AIDS Progression

Zaja

2014

J Vaccines Vaccin

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Currently there is considerable evidence showing that the GIT and other mucosal tissue, and not the blood, are the main site of HIV infection and CD4 + T cell loss. Earlier the pathogenesis of HIV infection has mostly been centered on mucosal viral "target" cells. In this personal view we summarize recent findings related to the role of bacteria and yeasts in the etiopathology of AIDS. Data are presented showing detection of HIV-like sequences and HIV-like proteins in bacteria and yeasts of HIV positive patients from the USA, Slovakia, Kenya and Kambodia. This pioneer view of AIDS etiopathology suggests that the aforementioned microbes bearing HIV genetic information would play an important, if not a key role, in the immunodeficiency process.

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