Air pointing: Design and evaluation of spatial target acquisition with and without visual feedback

The personal cockpit

“…With the exocentric perspective, the viewer is an outside observer, whereas the egocentric perspective is immersive. These terms correspond to the sub-divisions of world-and body-based coordinate systems used in other taxonomies, such as that of Cockburn et al [45]. Feiner et al [63] expanded these to three possible reference frames for virtual windows, view-fixed, surround-fixed or object-fixed.…”

Facilitating peripheral interaction: design and evaluation of peripheral interaction for a gesture-based lighting control with multimodal feedback

“…One research area that investigates interaction styles that do not require focused attention is termed eyes-free interaction [14,37,51]. Similar to peripheral interaction, eyesfree interaction should not require conscious attention, leaving room for the performing of additional tasks.…”

“…Similar to peripheral interaction, eyesfree interaction should not require conscious attention, leaving room for the performing of additional tasks. In their research, Cockburn et al [14] propose that both proprioceptive target acquisition, the awareness of one's own body position in space (e.g., the orientation of the arm), and non-visual interaction commands such as physical gestures, defined as movements of the body used to convey information [46], are beneficial for eyes-free interaction. Both suggestions are related to research into gestural interaction styles.…”

“…Communicative gestures, described by Pavlovic et al [38], are used for the purpose of communicating, e.g., one's goal and can be used to communicate to a system that we want to select it. Pointing interaction styles as described in [14] could resemble the communicating of ''I want that one there'' [44,45] and have been shown by to lead to quick and accurate selection of targets in a 2D plane in the absence of visual guidance [14]. Being able to be aware of one's bodily position compared to the position of a system and using interaction styles that compliment this thus seems to benefit eyes-free interaction.…”

“…Cockburn et al [14] also took into account feedback provided by the system and suggested to provide non-visual feedback in output modalities. Adding auditory feedback can indeed reduce the necessity of having to view a task constantly [3] and has been shown to be comparable in accuracy to visual feedback [51].…”