Air Pollution Damage to Cell Membranes in Lichens. II. Laboratory Experiments

Pearson, Lorentz C.; Henriksson, Elisabet

doi:10.2307/3242559

Cited by 39 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Injury to the plasmalemma has been assumed to be the cause of increased electrolyte effiux in lichens (Puckett et al, 1977;Pearson & Henriksson, 1981). Such injury was relatively difficult to observe directly at the ultrastructural level because of the uncontrasted and irregular appearance of the cell membrane both in algal and fungal cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chlorophyll degradation has been observed at high (0-5 to 5-0 ppm) SO2 concentrations (Rao & LeBlanc, 1965;Nash, 1973). Increased K+ efflux (Puckett et al, 1977) and general electrolyte leakage (Pearson & Henriksson, 1981) have been reported in various lichen species, suggesting increased membrane permeability occurs after exposure to SOg in vitro. Recently, Malhotra & Khan (1983) reported reduced protein and lipid biosynthesis in Evernia mesomorpha fumigated with relatively low concentrations (0-1 and 0-34 ppm) of SO2.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Injuries to Lichen Ultrastructure Caused by Sulphur Dioxide Fumigations

Holopainen¹,

Kärenlampi²

1984

New Phytologist

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SUMMARYEffects of SO2 (0'05, O'l, 0-3 and 1-0 ppm) fumigations on the ultrastructure of the lichens Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. and Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. were studied with a transmission electron microscope. All concentrations of SOg caused characteristic ultrastructural symptoms. These were always ohservable before light microscopic and visible changes in thalli.Sulphur dioxide injury in the Trebouxia phycobiont cells of both species began as swelling and deformation of mitochondria, stretching of the chloroplast envelope and deformation of pyrenoglobuli. Later, stretching of thylakoids and degeneration of pyrenoid, chloroplast stroma, nucleus, mitochondria and cytoplasm were observable. It was typical of the later stages of SOg injury that thylakoids remained visible for a long time. The degree of injury in the algal cells increased with increasing SOj concentration and duration of exposure. The fungal cells showed ultrastructural symptoms, swelling of mitochondria and vesiculation of the mesosome-like organelle, only at the highest concentration (1-0 ppm) of SO2. The experimental results are consistent with many earlier observations on natural material collected from industrial environments. Relationships between the ultrastructural and physiological changes caused by SOg are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Injuries to Lichen Ultrastructure Caused by Sulphur Dioxide Fumigations

Holopainen¹,

Kärenlampi²

1984

New Phytologist

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“…In this study we assessed electrolyte leakage from the thalli as an estimation of membrane damage (17,48) due to the action of ROS. We found significant electrolyte leakage upon rehydration, but 35% inhibition of ROS formation in the presence of an antioxidant did not change its rate or extent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Impairment of membrane integrity was used as an index of cellular damage. It was assessed by immersing the thalli in water and measuring the electrical conductivity, which expresses electrolyte leakage (17,48). Thalli were rinsed briefly with double-distilled water at a temperature of 20°C to eliminate dust, leaf debris, insects, etc., and allowed to dry at room temperature.…”

Section: ϫ2mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rehydration of the LichenRamalina laceraResults in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide and a Decrease in Antioxidants

Weissman¹,

Garty²,

Hochman

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Lichens are slow-growing associations of fungi and unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria. They are poikilohydric organisms whose lifestyle in many cases consists of alternating periods of desiccation, with low metabolic activity, and hydration, which induces increase in their metabolism. Lichens have apparently adapted to such extreme transitions between desiccation and rehydration, but the mechanisms that govern these adaptations are still poorly understood. In this study, the effect of rehydration on the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide as well as low-molecular-weight antioxidants was investigated with the lichen Ramalina lacera. Rehydration of R. lacera resulted in the initiation of and a rapid increase in photosynthetic activity. Recovery of photosynthesis was accompanied by bursts of intracellular production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy using dichlorofluorescein fluorescence revealed that formation of reactive oxygen species following rehydration was associated with both symbiotic partners of the lichen. The rate and extent of reactive oxygen species production were similar in the light and in the dark, suggesting a minor contribution of photosynthesis. Diaminofluorescein fluorescence, indicating nitric oxide formation, was detected only in fungal hyphae. Activities associated with rehydration did not have a deleterious effect on membrane integrity as assessed by measurement of electrolyte leakage, but water-soluble low-molecular-weight antioxidants decreased significantly.Lichens are slow-growing associations of fungi (mycobionts) and photosynthetic partners (photobionts) that may be unicellular green algae or cyanobacteria. They occupy a vast range of habitats and substrates and produce unique biochemical compounds that have made them useful to humans as food, dyes, medicines, fine perfumes, and poisons (51). In addition, many lichen species are sensitive to air pollution, and this feature, along with their capability to accumulate mineral elements far above their need, makes them ideal bioindicators and biomonitors of air pollution (see, e.g., references 7, 19, and 52).Metabolic activation of molecular oxygen frequently results in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (25). ROS are formed by normal metabolic activities such as respiration and photosynthesis, but their production is enhanced during stresses such as nutrient limitation, exposure to xenobiotics, or desiccation and rehydration. To evade the potential damaging effects of ROS, cells have evolved protection mechanisms, including antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, as well as low-molecular-weight antioxidants, such as glutathione, ascorbic acid, tocopherol, and carotenoids (25).Nitric oxide (NO) is an intra-and intercellular signaling molecule involved in the regulation of diverse biochemical and physiological processes. In algae NO formation was reported to be involved in phototaxis (39) and stress responses (10, 41), and in fungi it is...

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“…The effects of SOj on lichen physiology are mainly reported to be on photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen fixation (Rao and Leblanc, 1966;Baddeley, Ferry and Finegan, 1972;Showman, 1972;Pearson, 1973;Puckett e(a/., 1973;Hallgren and Huss, 1975;Beekley and Hoffman, 1981;Henriksson and Pearson, 1981). Hallgren and Huss (1975) have reported a marked decrease in rates of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation in CoUema tenax exposed to aqueous NaHSOg.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF NOSTOC OF PELTIGERA CANINA IN PRESENCE OF SO₂

et al. 1982

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SUMMARYThe effect of various concentrations of sulphur dioxide (SO2) (0, 10, 100, 1000 p.p.m.) on the ultrastructure of the Peltigera canina (L.) Willd -Nostoc symbiosis was investigated in vitro. Ten days incubation with SO2 resulted in the following changes: decreasing number of carboxysomes, increasing number of cyanophycin granules and initiation of akinetediflFerentiation. No changes ^vere observed in the general arrangement of the thalius, the \vall of either fungus or Nostoc cells, polyglucoside granules and polyphosphate bodies. A decrease in number of carboxysomes indicates a disturbance in photosynthetic ability of the lichen. It also appears that SOg acts as a stress factor leading to akinete-diflFerentiation as evidenced by increased number of cyanophycin granules and appearance of akinetes.

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Air Pollution Damage to Cell Membranes in Lichens. II. Laboratory Experiments

Cited by 39 publications

References 13 publications

Injuries to Lichen Ultrastructure Caused by Sulphur Dioxide Fumigations

Injuries to Lichen Ultrastructure Caused by Sulphur Dioxide Fumigations

Rehydration of the LichenRamalina laceraResults in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide and a Decrease in Antioxidants

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF NOSTOC OF PELTIGERA CANINA IN PRESENCE OF SO₂

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Air Pollution Damage to Cell Membranes in Lichens. II. Laboratory Experiments

Cited by 39 publications

References 13 publications

Injuries to Lichen Ultrastructure Caused by Sulphur Dioxide Fumigations

Injuries to Lichen Ultrastructure Caused by Sulphur Dioxide Fumigations

Rehydration of the LichenRamalina laceraResults in Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide and a Decrease in Antioxidants

ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF NOSTOC OF PELTIGERA CANINA IN PRESENCE OF SO2

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ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES OF NOSTOC OF PELTIGERA CANINA IN PRESENCE OF SO₂